Engineering assignment
tariq1409
surveying_notes_99.docx
Surveying Angle Measurement Types
The azimuth is measured from the North line in a clockwise direction, with a range from 0 to 360 degrees.Figure 1 depictsazimuth angles in each of the four quadrants. A bearing angle is measured from either the North or South line and can go clockwise or counter-clockwise. As such, a bearing angle uses N/S and E/W indicators and angles are reported in degrees, minutes, seconds form like N45d30’15”E. The range for a bearing is between 0 and 90 degrees. Figure 2 shows examples of bearing angles in each of the four quadrants.
Figure 1. Azimuths for angles in each of the four quadrants.
Figure 2. Bearing measurements for angles in each of the four quadrants.
Converting between DMS and Degrees
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yields the degree portions of the angle in DMS. The expression int( ) yields the integer portion of the number inside the parentheses. For example int(3.1415) = 3.Then the minutes portion is found using
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and the seconds portion is found using
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Converting from Bearing to Azimuth
The conversion from a bearing measurement to an azimuth measurements is straightforward once the conversion from DMS to degrees is performed using Eq. . For example, the bearing measurement S30d20’30”E has a DMS portion equal to 30d20’30” which can be converted to degrees using Eq. to yield 30.34166 degrees. We then need to follow the rules for the different quadrants shown in Figure 3and given below:
