for michael smith only
C PLAYING]
In God we trust. Soul freedom. So help me God.How do these words relate to America? Stick withus and we'll talk about that.
Production funding for this program has beenprovided in part by the Shumaker FamilyFoundation, promoting social and environmentaljustice, education, spirituality, and the arts.
But the word of the Lord abides.
Amen forever.
Deliverance, Lord. Deliverance now.
So we are then one with the entire universe. Weare not separate from it.
Whether it's been prompted by the publicrecitation of prayers at a high school footballgame, the staging of a nativity scene on thecourthouse square, or the posting of the TenCommandments in a public space, Americanshave become more aware of the controversiesassociated with the separation of church andstate in recent years. Some express concern thatthe nation is losing touch with its Christian roots,while others maintain that religion should haveno bearing upon civic affairs and the functioningof government.
The basic questions are not new ones. What's theConstitution have to say about the relationshipbetween church and state? And just how religiousis America?
Well, the question of how religious America is onethat's been with us for a long time. We've beendebating it from before we had the United States.So it's a tricky question.
But the Constitution is a godless Constitution.And it's pretty clear that by law this is a secularstate. But one of the things this secular state doesis give Americans freedom of choice when itcomes to religion. And one of the thingsAmericans do with that freedom of choice is theychoose to be Christians. And they've done that forvery long time.
So I think we have secular by law, Christian bychoice situation. And that dance between oursecularity and our religiosity, our Christianity, andour sort of official non-commitment by law toreligion is one of the great dynamics of Americancultural and political history.
One of the real gifts of the Constitution and thosewho framed it was they did not frame it explicitlyas a Christian document. The Constitution doesnot contain the word God. And that was notbecause our founding fathers did not care deeplyabout God and about their faith. But they cared sodeeply, in a sense, that they realized that theframework of freedom that the nation would befounded on needed to be one in which faith itselfwas left free.
As Madison put it in his famous memorial andremonstrance, we cannot be demanding forourselves the freedom to practice the religious lifethat moves us and at the same time deny thatfreedom to those who haven't seen it the way wehave, who have not been convinced by thearguments and by the visions that have moved us.And that really is the realization that underpinsthe way in which religion does not play.
And it in another way plays very deeply in thefounding of the American Republic.
What's really, I think, significant about theAmerican case is that this wasn't a secular elite--and the elite was pretty secular-- imposing aseparation of church and state on a religiouspopulist that really wanted an established church.To the contrary, the strongest supporters, besidesthe deist leaders themselves, of the separation ofchurch and state were the Baptists and theQuakers.
That is, sectarian Christians who had beenpersecuted by established churches and did notwant an established church. So the majority ofbelievers, the majority of church-goers, supportedthe First Amendment as fervently as the deist andthe secularists.
So those people argued for the kind ofConstitution we have on theological grounds. Andthey pretty much knew what they were doing.They didn't say non-establishment because theyreally meant, oh, well, we're all going to beChristians anyway. They said non-establishmentbecause they realized that we are Christians ofmany different dispositions. That Christianity is along protracted-- centuries-long-- argument thathas had many, many wars. And it should not beestablished in the form of a state.
And because they also recognized, even if onlytheoretically as Thomas Jefferson did, that toestablish one religion might eventually mean thatyou could establish another. That it might beIslam. Or that it might be some other religioustradition. So they steered away from that.
For example, in the Continental CongressConvention in Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklinstood up and said, I move that we open thismeeting with prayer. And it was voted down. Theyweren't interested in prayer. They were interestedin working out the details of their newgovernment.
Thomas Paine, who was sort of the philosophicalarchitect, was known as the dirty little atheist.Thomas Jefferson, who was the author of theDeclaration of Independence, was an 18th centurydeist. And even went through the Bible andcarved out everything he didn't like andpresented the Jeffersonian Bible. He took out allmiracle and all supernatural references and leftethics in.
And so it's a myth to say that we were founded asa Christian nation. We were founded as a group ofrefugees getting away from religious persecution.
Many of the first Europeans who came to NorthAmerica were looking for a land where they couldfreely practice their religious faith without fear ofretribution. As they sailed across the Atlantic,those making the pilgrimage envisioned ameaningful and noble for which they weredestined. Approaching the shores of the NewWorld, one of their leaders, John Winthrop,delivered a sermon in which he spoke of the newcommunity they would build there with God'sblessing.
He spoke of this as a city upon a hill, stressing theimportance of faithfully executing theirresponsibilities as God's worthy servants so thatthey might inspire others to follow suit.
Very biblical. People think Ronald Reaganinvented that. Well, he didn't of course. It comesfrom the "Sermon on the Mount" and inMatthew's Gospel. And it was a very figure muchbeloved of first, Saint Augustin in the City of God.And then appropriated by Protestants,particularly New Englanders, as an ideal society, amodel society. That people would look at NewEngland and they would see in it a way to orderand frame their own existence, particularly oldEurope.
So when Governor Winthrop said we shall be as acity set on a hill, in his sermon, "A New Model ofChristian Charity," in 1630, he was invoking anexemplary model. An exemplary notion.
Now when we talk about the City of Godnowadays, some religious people and somepolitical people speak as if it once existed. And weshould go back to find it and reproduce. Well,that's utter nonsense, it seems to me. That peoplewho uttered the phrases about the City of God were always looking froward. They neverimagined that where they were was where theywere meant to be. They always understood thatthey were moving on toward something else.
The nation, to this day, he has a strong Christianmajority. And there's been a kind of commonsense assumption that because most Americansare some kind of Christian, so we are, just in acasual sense, a Christian nation. But it'sabsolutely critical that legally and constitutionallywe are not of any particular religion. That there isno established religion. And that was clear fromthe beginning.
It's not that our forefathers were not religious.They were. And, in a way, it's the very religiousprinciples that they believed in that motivated theinsistence on the free exercise and non-establishment of religion. They argued for that,actually, on theological principles. That we can'thave the state determining what we shouldbelieve and what religious faith should be that ofthe nation.
The state language, typically, has been genericabout God. So they've talked, for the most part,about God rather than about Jesus. And they'veused language like the Almighty and the Creatorand this sort of thing. That's changed a little bit inrecent years. I think that is a change that we'veseen since the 1980s. There's been morewillingness of political figures to use moreexplicitly Christian language, where in the pastthe language that was acceptable for politicalleaders was largely, we might say, deist or moregeneric. It was more generic language.
And there's more and more tolerance in the publicspace now of more explicitly Christian language.But the mixing of religion and politics is nothingnew. George Washington. When he was sworn in,he didn't put his hand on Thomas Paine's writingson reason. He put his hands on the Bible. And atthe end of his oath of office he said, andimprovised so help me God.
And so here's the irony of a godless Constitutionand someone's standing there-- the president, thefirst president-- promising to uphold theConstitution with his hand on the Bible, which,according to some, is a clear violation of theConstitution itself.
But we've had that mixing, in other words. Churchand state. There hasn't been a wall betweenchurch and state throughout American culture.And if there's been a wall, it's been a teeny littlepicket fence wall that just about anybody couldjump over at this point or that. And so that'salways been an issue. Is exactly what kind ofrelationship should we have between church andstate?
There were movements in the late 19th century tointroduce in our Constitution a prologue thatwould explicitly state that Jesus Christ is theacknowledged lord of this nation. Those weredefeated time and again. And of course, there arestill people today who would like to see that assomething explicitly stated in our Constitution.
But the real strength of America is that the well-being of the Church of Jesus Christ is notdependent on the power of the state. Nor shouldit ever be. It is dependent solely on the faith andenergy and vitality of Christian churches.
[PRAYING]
Looking back at the history of Christianity inAmerica, the primary focus of the Christian faithappears to have been somewhat different atdifferent points in time. For his book "AmericanJesus," Stephen Prothero examined the nature ofthis change, reaching back to the Colonial periodof American history.
Well, we think about the Colonial period as a timewhen Christianity was really powerful. And whenJesus was important. And Christianity was apowerful influence, particularly in its Puritan,Calvinist, Protestant form. But that form ofreligion really focuses on God the Father ratherthan on God the Son.
And that was one really intriguing thing to me as Iwas doing my research. That the colonists thatwere interested in Christianity were really focusedon God the Father. And had a relationship, really,of fear to him. And very few focused on God theSon with the relationship of love that we tend tothink of now. So one of the major transitions inthe early national period in American history wasfrom this God-fearing culture to a Jesus-lovingculture.
So Jesus really wasn't a household name in thecolonies. Even as Christian as the colonies were.Most colonists practiced a form of Christianitythat didn't really pay much attention to Jesus atall.
Some Colonial Christians began to adopt a morepersonal relationship with Jesus in the 1730sduring a period that's been called the GreatAwakening. It failed to transform the dominantChristian culture, however, which maintained itsfocus on God the Father. But more widespreadchange began to take place in the followingcentury.
That's right. It begins in the 19th century. Reallyin, I'd say maybe the 1830s, 1840s with what'sknown as the Second Great Awakening. Thisperiod of real revivalism when more and morepeople are using Jesus as the pitch, as it were, intheir revival preaching. Come to Jesus. AcceptJesus as your Savior and Lord.
And reach down Lord with Your hand above andlift us up. Lift us up Lord, as we lift our voices up toyou in prayer. Lift us up Lord, and show us Yourlove. Lift us up Lord, and show us Your way. Lift usup and help us destroy our demons. This we askin Jesus' name. Amen.
Amen.
You get a new idea that Christianity is really aboutrelationship. It's not about doctrine. It's not abouta fear before God. It's not about community asmuch. It's about the individual's relationship withGod. And the God with whom we have thisrelationship now becomes Jesus instead of Godthe Father.
So earlier it was, we have a covenant with God theFather. And now it's, I have a relationship withJesus. It becomes more individualistic. It becomesmore relational. And it becomes more focused onJesus. And you start to get this idea of Jesus asyour friend. Jesus is walking with you and talkingwith you, as the hymn goes.
[SINGING]
Hymns were an important and powerful way tospread a religious message. Hymn books becamebestsellers in certain periods in 19th centuryAmerican culture. And hymns spread even outsideof the books to revivals and through churchservices and just through popular singing inpeople's homes with organs that were set up indomestic circumstances.
And you can look at the development of hymnsfrom, say, the Colonial period into the 19thcentury and you see a real change. Where, earlyon, the hymns are really about mighty Jehovahand cowering before the strength of the AlmightyGod. And then increasingly as the 19th centurywears on, you get hymns that are about walkingwith Jesus, talking with Jesus, being in the gardenwith Jesus, having an almost loving-- well,certainly loving-- but almost erotic relationshipwith Jesus.
[SINGING]
During the 19th century then, church-goingincreased. And huge resources were poured intobuilding new churches on the frontier as it spreadwest and so forth. And so by the middle of the20th century, Americans pretty much did assumethat the United States was a Christian country.
It was in the 1950s that we put in God we trust onour currency and so forth. And currently,according to one of the surveys I did just a year orso ago, about 3/4 of the American population--this is everybody-- still thinks that the UnitedStates is a Christian society and regards thecountry as having been founded on Christianprinciples.
And so we have in our country, I don't know, mosteverybody says they believe in God. But whensomebody's an overt atheist, that's fairly rare inthis country. But the fact is that the majority ofour people aren't in church on Sunday morning.And this is an increasingly secular country. The real religion of American in the fall is football. Andthat's the great cathedral. So great stadiums andthe liturgical dance of the cheerleaders andvestments are on the players.
And so you do a lot of things with that, but we arenow a secular society. I think that's true. And thathurts a lot of people because they don't knowhow to relate to that. But we also are living in anincreasingly small world.
All the religious traditions of America are now partof the we of we the people of the United States ofAmerica. That we can mean we Muslims. WeBuddhist. We Hindus. It means one more thing aswell, which is that to be a good American youdon't have to be a religious person.
That also is an important part of the civic we, wethe people. And that was explicitly recognized byfounders as well. That every religious traditionhas those who want to stand apart from an it.Indeed, who have rejected it out of their owninner compass and their own inner sense ofconscience.
So we have a right not to be religious. And believeme, there are many people who have come to theUnited States from other parts of the world andhave felt oppressed there by Christian or Muslimor other religious establishment who cherish thefreedom not to be religious in the United States.To be a perfectly good American citizen and notgo to church or synagogue or mosque or temple,but to live one's life simply as a citizen. And that,too, is part of who we are.
What we're facing right now are huge questionsabout what shall we do with respect to churchand state, especially as we become a morediverse society? For instance, do we say onenation under God when we recognize that thereare an increasing number of Buddhists in theUnited States or Hindus in the United States whoare people of faith, but the phrase under Goddoesn't really fit?
Well, one of the fascinating things about Americais this is the most Christian country on Earth. Butit's also one of the most multi-religious. So oftenthis question is ill-posed, I think. People say, isthis a multi-religious country? Where the secularlaw, the First Amendment, provides anopportunity for a tremendous range of religiousexpression? Or is this a country that's dominatedby Christians?
And I think the answer is just clearly both. It's justan ill-posed either/or question. So is the UnitedStates a Christian nation? Well, yes. Of course. Insome ways. And is it a multi-religious state? Well,of course. It is.
You can see this in any city and town, or at least abig one, in the United States. And many placesyou see a very intensely. Where the Hindu templeand the mosque and the Evangelical Presbyterianchurch are all in juxtaposition with one another.And yet we do not worship together. We don'tpray together. We have religious lives that arevibrant and contribute to the common good. Butare different.
So it means, really, that all of us need to be able todistinguish our theological language from ourcivic language.
This definitely becomes a political issue. Forinstance, more than half of the public thinks it's agood idea to teach the Ten Commandments inpublic schools. And among those who think thatthe United States is a Christian country and wasfounded on Christian principles, the percentagewho think that is much larger than among thosewho don't think that the United States is aChristian country.
In fact, one of the interesting political dimensionsof this is if one looks at several of these surveyquestions about America being a Christiancountry, having been founded on Christianprinciples, being strong because of its faith inGod, and if one thinks of those as a kind ofexpression of American civil religion, the states inwhich those opinions are the strongest are the redstates. It's almost exactly a red state-blue statedivision.
So that we have in our country this huge gapbetween secular humanist and pious religiouspeople. And it's this expressing itself politicallytoday as part of the tension between the bluestates and the red states. Red states are religiouspeople. Blue states are not religious people, iswhat gets said. That's terribly naive.
But the old values are under attack and peoplehaven't been able to articulate new values. Andthat's what happens when the world changes.And my sense is we have to change with it. Notbecause God is changing, but because ourperception of the divine always is on in fluxbecause it's part of our growing, expanding world.
I think that the criticism of secular humanismcomes from people who feel that it has, in certaininstances, become something like an establishedreligion. That is, if you interpret the noestablishment clause in such a way that you wantto banish all specifically religious language frompublic life and allow only secular language, thenin a sense you're saying secular language is ourreligion. Even if the people using it say, oh, no. It'snot religious.
And I think that's a legitimate concern. That's whythe no establishment clause always needs to bebalanced with the free exercise clause. Secularhumanists have a right to express their views. Butthey shouldn't be allowed to exclude religiousvoices from public discussion. They've alwaysbeen in public discussion in the history of thiscountry. And they should as legitimately be so.
It's unlikely that discussion and debate about theseparation of church and state in America willcome to an end any time soon. It's been anintegral part of the American experience since thebeginning and it reflects the need to continuallymonitor the balance necessary for a healthydemocracy. As the First Amendment protects ourright to express ourselves and to practice ourbeliefs, it also prohibits our governmentestablishing any form of state-sanctioned religion.The challenge remains-- how to encourage moraland ethical behavior without promoting onereligion over another? I'm Charles Atkins, Junior.Thanks for being with is.
I'm Charles Atkins, Junior. Join me on the nextedition of "Beyond Theology" as we hear someprovocative ideas about changing images of God.
Am I acting like I own myself or am I acting like Ibelong to God?
God is no one's pigment. No one's flag. And noone's gender.
God is not like that. God is another reality that wehave to search hard to find.
Tune in for the next edition of "Beyond Theology"as we explored changing images of God.
Production funding for this program has beenprovided in part by the Shumaker FamilyFoundation, promoting social and environmentaljustice, education, spirituality, and the arts.