Reflection

duiker_8e_lecture_ch24.pptx

Chapter 24

Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939

The Rise of Nationalism: Focus Question

What were the various stages in the rise of nationalist movements in Asia and the Middle East, and what problems did they face?

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 1)

Modern nationalism

New urban educated class ambivalent toward colonial civilization

Defense of indigenous religious beliefs

Colonial lack of respect for local religious traditions

The nationalist quandary: Independence or modernization?

To survive, patriots believed their colonial societies must adopt much of the Western way of life incorporating traditional values

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 2)

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress

Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance—satyagraha

Refusal to obey British regulations

Organized mass protests

Policy of civil disobedience

New leaders and new problems

Jawaharlal Nehru personified the new Anglo-Indian politician

Independence movement on two paths: Elite nationalism and Indian traditionalism

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 3)

Revolt in the Middle East

Twilight of the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks forced the sultan to restore a constitution creating a legislative assembly

British undermined rule in the Arabian Peninsula

Mustafa Kemal and the modernization of Turkey

An elected government in a republic of Turkey

State direction over the economy

Transformed Turkey into a secular state

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 4)

Modernization in Iran

Reza Khan strengthened central government

A modern economic infrastructure

A Western-style educational system

Nation building in Iraq

Under British control as the mandate of Iraq

Under the titular authority of King Faisal supported by urban Sunni population

Discovery of oil

Formal independence in 1932

Chronology – The Middle East Between the Wars

Events of the Middle East Between the Wars	Dates
Balfour Declaration on Palestine	1917
Reza Khan seizes power in Persia	1921
End of Ottoman Empire and establishment of a republic in Turkey	1923
Rule of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey	1923-1938
Beginning of Pahlavi dynasty in Iran	1925
Establishment of kingdom of Saudi Arabia	1932

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 5)

The rise of Arab nationalism

Resistance to Ottoman rule

Arab leaders declared their independence; Mandates were created under the supervision of the League of Nations

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia established

Arabian-American oil conglomerate formed

The issue of Palestine: A separate mandate

World Zionist Organization (WZO)

The Balfour Declaration

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 6)

The British in Egypt

Protectorate to protect the Suez Canal and the Nile Valley from seizure by Central Powers

Wafd Party dedicated to an independent Egypt based on representative government

Muslim Brotherhood sought an Egypt based on the precepts of shari’a

The Rise of Nationalism (Part 7)

Nationalism and revolution

Lenin and the East

Lenin’s proposed a strategy to relate Marxist doctrine and practice to non-Western societies

The Communist International, or Comintern dedicated to world revolution

Agents from around the world trained in the precepts of world communism; agents sent back to their countries to form Marxist parties

Marxist doctrine adapted to indigenous values and institutions – maximize appeal, minimize conflict

Revolution in China: Focus Question

What problems did China encounter between the two world wars, and what solutions did the Nationalists and the Communists propose to solve them?

Revolution in China (Part 1)

Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement

Abolishing the old system and introducing Western values and institutions

Protest against Japan’s expansion on mainland China

The Nationalist-Communist alliance

Formation to oppose the warlords and to drive out the imperialist powers

Chiang Kai-shek; Mao Zedong

Revolution in China (Part 2)

The Nanjing Republic

Chiang Kai-shek founded a republic

Attempt to put an end to the Communists

The famous Long March

Sun Yatsen’s Three People’s Principles

The best of East and West

The New Life Movement

Many intellectuals and moderates alienated by repression and censoring of free expression

Little progress in industrial growth; land reform program sabotaged

Revolution in China (Part 3)

“Down with Confucius and sons”: Economic, social, and cultural change in Republican China

Social changes

Attack by educated youth on filial piety and the subordination of women

Individualism and women’s rights

A new culture

Traditional culture the symbol of feudal oppression

New art to synthesize Chinese and foreign culture

Chronology – Revolution in China

Events of the Revolution in China	Dates
May Fourth demonstrations	1919
Formation of Chinese Communist Party	1921
Death of Sun Yat-sen	1925
Northern Expedition	1926–1928
Establishment of Nanjing Republic	1928
Long March	1934–1935

Japan Between the Wars: Focus Question

How did Japan address the problems of nation building in the first decades of the twentieth century, and why did democratic institutions not take hold more effectively?

Japan Between the Wars (Part 1)

Experiment in democracy

Taisho democracy

On the left, Marxist labor movement

On the right, ultranationalist groups

A zaibatsu economy

Zaibatsu: Manufacturing processes concentrated in a single enterprise

Firms developed into large conglomerates – led to growing economic inequalities

Japan Between the Wars (Part 2)

Shidehara diplomacy

Japanese interests through diplomatic and economic means

The rise of militant nationalism

Military officers advocated a more aggressive approach to protecting national interests

Taisho democracy: An aberration?

Democratization; the Meiji concept of the state

Multiparty democracy a natural consequence of evolutionary trends in Japanese society

Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America: Focus Questions

What problems did the nations of Latin America face in the interwar years?

To what degree were they a consequence of foreign influence?

Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America (Part 1)

A changing economy

The role of the Yankee dollar

Decline in European investment in Latin America

Rise in the U.S. role in the local economies

The effects of dependency

Argentina: Landowners benefited from export

Brazil: Rubber and coffee plantations

Mexico: Limits on foreign investment

United States: The Good Neighbor policy

Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America (Part 2)

Latin America culture

Dramatic increase in literary activity

Experimentation with imported modernist styles – also used native themes and social issues

Artists followed the Modernist movement while expressing a new regional and national essence

Diego Rivera: Monumental style of mural art

Frida Kahlo: Surrealist whimsy

Chronology – Latin America Between the Wars

Events of Latin America Between the Wars	Dates
Hipólito Irigoyen becomes president of Argentina	1916
Argentine military overthrows Irigoyen	1930
Rule of Getúlio Vargas in Brazil	1930–1945
Beginning of U.S. Good Neighbor policy	1933
Presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico	1934–1940

Chapter 25

The Crisis Deepens: World War II

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes – Focus Questions

What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to what degree were these characteristics present in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia?

To what extent was Japan a totalitarian state?

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 1)

World War II in large part due to rise of dictatorial regimes

By 1939, France and Great Britain, remained democratic; Italy and Germany succumbed to fascism; Soviet Russia moved toward repressive totalitarianism

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 2)

The retreat from democracy: Did Europe have totalitarian states?

Distrust of democracy and favorable view of radicalized politics

Postwar politics more and more polarized

The totalitarian state aimed to control:

The economic, political, and social aspects of life

The intellectual and cultural aspects as well

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 3)

The birth of fascism

Italy had the first successful fascist movement

Benito Mussolini established the Fascio di Combattimento

Prime minister “head of government” with power to legislate by decree

Police were empowered to arrest and confine anybody without pressing charges

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 4)

Hitler and Nazi Germany

Hitler’s rise to power, 1919–1933

National Socialist German Workers’ Party

Nazi Party was the largest party in the Reichstag

Chancellor, then der Führer—sole ruler of Germany

The Nazi state, 1933–1939

The realization of a totalitarian ideal

Low unemployment due to rearmament

Terror and repression

Aryan racial state; Kristallnacht

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 5)

The Stalinist era in the Soviet Union

Transformation into an industrial country

Collectivization of agriculture

Strengthened party bureaucracy under Stalin’s control

The rise of militarism in Japan

Militant forces at top of the political hierarchy

Extremist patriotic organizations

Popular message of “Asia for the Asians”

The Path to War: Focus Question

What were the underlying causes of World War II, and what specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to war?

The Path to War (Part 1)

The path to war in Europe

Defiance of the Treaty of Versailles

The Rome-Berlin Axis

The Munich Conference

Hitler’s nonaggression pact with Stalin

Invasion of Poland by German forces

War declaration by Britain and France

The Path to War (Part 2)

The path to war in Asia

Japan’s military and economic presence in Manchuria

Japan expanded into northern China

Chinese and Japanese forces clashed

Japan wanted vast resources of Southeast Asia

Risked war with the European colonial powers and the United States; launched a surprise attack in the hope of a quick victory

World War II: Focus Question

What were the main events of World War II in Europe and Asia?

World War II (Part 1)

Hitler’s unleashing of blitzkrieg or “lightning war”

German attack of panzer divisions with air support forced Poland to surrender

Europe at war

Germans attacked Netherlands, Belgium, and France; German armies occupied France

Luftwaffe launched a major air offensive against Britain

Hitler invaded the Soviet Union; 1,800-mile front

Soviet counterattack stopped Germany

Germany declared war on the United States

World War II (Part 2)

Japan at war

Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor

Japan declared establishment of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Pearl Harbor galvanized American support for Roosevelt’s war policy

U.S. joined European nations and Nationalist China in a combined effort to defeat Japan

World War II (Part 3)

The turning point of the war, 1942–1943

Entry of the United States created a coalition

Allies agreed to fight until the Axis Powers surrendered unconditionally

On the eastern front, the turning point of the war occurred at Stalingrad

In the Far East, the tide turned with the Battle of the Coral Sea

Battle of Midway Island established American naval superiority in the Pacific

World War II (Part 4)

The last years of the war

Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy

Allied armies linked up with the Soviets

Hitler committed suicide

Defeat of Japan

American forces proceeded across the Pacific

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima

A second bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Japan surrendered unconditionally

Chronology – The Course of World War II (Part I)

Events of the Course of World War II	Dates
Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland	September 28, 1939
Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway	April 1940
Blitzkrieg against Belgium, Netherlands, and France	May 1940
France surrenders	June 22, 1940
Battle of Britain	Fall 1940
Nazi seizure of Yugoslavia and Greece	April 1941
Germany invades the Soviet Union	June 22, 1941
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor	December 7, 1941
Battle of the Coral Sea	May 7–8, 1942
Battle of Midway Island	June 4, 1942

Chronology – The Course of World War II (Part 2)

Events of the Course of World War II	Dates
Allied invasion of North Africa	November 1942
Germans surrender at Stalingrad	February 2, 1943
Axis forces surrender in North Africa	May 1943
Battle of Kursk	July 5–12, 1943
Invasion of mainland Italy	September 1943
Allied invasion of France	June 6, 1944
Hitler commits suicide	April 30, 1945
Germany surrenders	May 7, 1945
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima	August 6, 1945
Japan surrenders	August 14, 1945

The New Order: Focus Question

What was the nature of the new orders that Germany and Japan attempted to establish in the territories they occupied?

The New Order (Part 1)

The new order in Europe

Nazi Empire was organized in two ways:

Areas directly annexed and made into German provinces

Remainder of occupied Europe administered by German officials with collaborationist regimes

Inferior Slavic peoples evacuated and replaced with Germans

Foreign labor mobilized ruthlessly

The New Order (Part 2)

The Holocaust

Final Solution to the “Jewish problem”—the annihilation of the Jewish people

SS Einsatzgruppen: Special strike forces

Given new responsibilities as mobile killing units; inadequate in solving the Jewish problem

The New Order (Part 3)

Systematic annihilation in death camps

Jews, gypsies rounded up for extermination

Slavic peoples’ leading elements arrested, killed

Slave laborers also died, Soviet prisoners of war killed

The New Order (Part 4)

The new order in Asia

Japan planned to use its new possessions for raw materials

Leaders set up the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

The exploitative nature of Japanese occupation policies became clear

Sentiment turned against the new order

The Home Front: Focus Question

What were conditions like on the home front for the major belligerents in World War II?

The Home Front (Part 1)

Mobilizing the people: Three examples

Factories in Soviet Union dismantled and shipped to the interior; a “battle of machines”

Soviet women played a major role in the war effort

Hitler, fearful of civilian morale problems, refused cuts in consumer goods

Women resisted regular employment in factories

Wartime Japan a highly mobilized society

Reluctant to mobilize women in the war effort

The Home Front (Part 2)

The bombing of cities

Luftwaffe subjected London and many other British cities and towns to nightly air raids

The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a firestorm that killed as many as 35,000

In Japan, the bombing of civilians reached a new level with the atomic bomb

Aftermath of the War: Focus Questions

What were the costs of World War II?

How did World War II affect the European nations’ colonial empires?

How did the Allies’ visions of the postwar world differ, and how did these differences contribute to the emergence of the Cold War?

Aftermath of the War (Part 1)

The costs of World War II

At least 21 million soldiers died

Civilian deaths estimated at 40 million

Europe had 30 million displaced persons

Devastation was everywhere

World War II and the European colonies: Decolonization

The days of empire were over

Decolonization swept the world

Aftermath of the War (Part 2)

The Allied War conferences

Cold War grew out of military, political, and ideological differences

Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met at Tehran

American-British invasion of European continent through France; partition of postwar Germany

Conference at Yalta

Defeat of Germany a foregone conclusion

Idea of self-determination for Europe

Creation of the United Nations

Aftermath of the War (Part 3)

The Potsdam conference

Truman demanded free elections

Stalin sought absolute military security

Winston Churchill

Declared that “an iron curtain” had “descended across the continent” dividing Germany and Europe