Reflection

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Chapter 22

Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge

The Decline of the Qing: Focus Question

Why did the Qing Dynasty decline and ultimately collapse, and what role did the Western powers play in this process?

The Decline of the Qing (Part 1)

Opium and rebellion

Opium to China in British ships

The Qing court appointed Lin Zexu who imposed penalties on smokers, arrested dealers, seized supplies

Lin blockaded the foreign factory area in Canton

British forced Qing to open China to foreign trade

The Opium War

Superiority of British firepower and military tactics

1842: Chinese agreed to British terms in Treaty of Nanjing; opium trade continued unabated

The Decline of the Qing (Part 2)

The Taiping Rebellion

Internal economic problems led to a major peasant revolt

Suppressed in 1864; more than 25 million people killed

Efforts at reform

New policy called self-strengthening

Western technology adopted while Confucian principles and institutions maintained intact – “East for Essence, West for Practical Use”

The Decline of the Qing (Part 3)

The climax of imperialism

Opening the door

Open Door Notes: U.S. proposed equal access to the China market for all states; would guarantee the territorial and administrative integrity of the Chinese Empire

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxers attacked foreign residents; besieged the foreign quarter in Beijing

An international force suppressed the uprising

The Decline of the Qing (Part 4)

The collapse of the old order

The rise of Sun Yat-sen

“Three people’s principles” of nationalism

The Revolution of 1911

Sun’s followers launched an uprising

Less a revolution than a collapse of the old order

Chronology – China in the Era of Imperialism

Events of China in the Era of Imperialism	Dates
Lord Macartney’s mission to China	1793
Opium War	1839–1842
Taiping rebels seize Nanjing	1853
Taiping Rebellion suppressed	1864
Cixi becomes regent for nephew, the Guangxu emperor	1878
Sino-Japanese War	1894–1895
One Hundred Days reform	1898
Open Door Policy	1899
Boxer Rebellion	1900
Commission to study constitution formed	1905
Deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu emperor	1908
Revolution in China	1911

Chinese Society in Transition: Focus Question

What political, economic, and social reforms were instituted by the Qing Dynasty during its final decades, and why were they not more successful in reversing the decline of Qing rule?

Chinese Society in Transition (Part 1)

The economy: The drag of tradition

Industrial production based almost entirely on traditional methods

Inefficiency and mismanagement

Qing officials overwhelmed by external pressure and internal strife

The impact of imperialism

Serious distortions in the local economy

Accelerated development in some ways

Hindered by thwarting the rise of a local sector

Chinese Society in Transition (Part 2)

Daily life in Qing China

Confucian institutions and norms declined

Western-style education more desired

A new generation with little knowledge of or respect for the past

Changing roles for women

Status of women was in transition

Women sought employment in factories

Educational opportunities for women were available in Christian missionaries

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan – Focus Question

To what degree was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution,” and to what extent did it succeed in transforming Japan?

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 1)

Policy of sakoku: closed country

Opening to the world

Treaty of Kanagawa

The “Sat-Cho” alliance attacked the shogun’s palace and restored authority of the emperor

The Meiji restoration

The transformation of Japanese politics

Hereditary privileges abolished to undercut the power of the daimyo

Imperial rule dominated by the genro

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 2)

The Meiji Constitution of 1890

Vested authority in the executive branch

Kokutai: Core ideology of the state; Japanese system based on emperor’s supreme authority

Meiji economics

New system of landownership; new land tax

Promotion of industry

Intimate relationship between government and private business

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 3)

Building a modern social structure

Tokugawa era: The “three obediences”

Child to father, wife to husband, and widow to son

Meiji reformers destroyed much of the traditional social system

An imperial army based on universal conscription

Universal education included technical subjects

Women given an opportunity to get an education

Western ideas and fashions the rage

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 4)

Traditional values and women’s rights

Traditional values given a firm legal basis

Constitution of 1890 restricted franchise to males

Civil Code of 1898 deemphasized individual rights

Young girls went en masse to work in textile mills; Japan world’s leading exporter of silk

Calls for women’s rights increasingly heard

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 5)

Joining the Imperialist Club

Chinese forced to cede Taiwan

Rivalry with Russia – Japanese warships sank Russian fleet off coast of Korea

Korea annexed in 1908

Japanese culture in transition

Western artistic and architectural techniques and styles adopted on a massive scale

Cultural exchange also went from East to West

Japanese art underwent a dynamic resurgence

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan (Part 6)

The Meiji Restoration: A revolution from Above

What explains Japanese uniqueness?

Japan an island nation, ethnically and linguistically homogeneous, had never been conquered

The emperor, the living symbol of the nation, adopted change

Japanese valued practicality and military achievement

Japan was ripe for change

Chronology – Japan and Korea in the Era of Imperialism

Events of Japan and Korea in the Era of Imperialism	Dates
Commodore Perry arrives in Tokyo Bay	1853
Townsend Harris Treaty	1858
Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate	1868
U.S. fleet fails to open Korea	1871
Feudal titles abolished in Japan	1871
Japanese imperial army formed	1871
Meiji Constitution adopted	1890
Imperial Rescript on Education	1890
Treaty of Shimonoseki awards Taiwan to Japan	1895
Russo-Japanese War	1904–1905
Korea annexed by Japan	1908

Chapter 23

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

The Road to World War I: Focus Question

What were the long-range and immediate causes of World War I?

The Road to World War I (Part 1)

Nationalism and internal dissent

Division of Europe into two loose alliances

National aspirations of ethnic groups

Socialist labor movements

Militarism

Conscription: Obligatory military service

Militarism – more than just large armies

As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders

The Road to World War I (Part 2)

The outbreak of war: Summer 1914

The assassination of Francis Ferdinand: A “Blank Check”?

Emperor William II: “blank check” assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on “full support”

Declarations of War

Austria declared war on Serbia

The Schlieffen Plan called for a minimal troop deployment against; most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of France

By August 4, all the great powers of Europe at war

The Great War: Focus Questions

Why did the course of World War I turn out to be so different from what the belligerents had expected?

How did World War I affect the belligerents’ governmental and political institutions, economic affairs, and social life?

The Great War (Part 1)

1914–1915: Illusions and stalemate

Everyone believed that the war would be over in a few weeks

The war quickly turned into a stalemate

1916‑1917: The great slaughter

Trench warfare on the western front

Attacks rarely worked; millions sacrificed in search for the elusive breakthrough

Poison gas produced new forms of injuries

Decomposing bodies present in the trenches

The Great War (Part 2)

The widening of the war

A global conflict

European powers controlled colonial empires

European war spread to other parts of the world – Middle East campaigns; battles in Africa

In East Asia and the Pacific, Japan joined the Allies to seize control of German territories in Asia

The Great War (Part 3)

Entry of the United States

Naval conflict between Germany and Great Britain

Britain's naval blockade of Germany

German retaliation: Unrestricted submarine warfare

Brought the United States into the war

United States’ entry a psychological boost for the Allied Powers

The Great War (Part 4)

The home front: The impact of total war

Political centralization and economic regimentation

Wartime governments expanded powers

Free-market capitalistic systems shelved

Public order and public opinion

Expansion of police powers to stifle internal dissent

Active use of propaganda

Women in the war effort

Assumed jobs not open to them before

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War: Focus Question

What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and why did the Bolsheviks prevail in the civil war and gain control of Russia?

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War (Part 1)

The Russian Revolution

The March Revolution

Women marched demanding “peace and bread”; a general strike shut down all the factories

The Duma established a Provisional Government

Soviets: councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies were in opposition

Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution

Bolsheviks dedicated to violent revolution

Promises geared to the needs of the people

Pro-soviet and pro-Bolshevik forces took control

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War (Part 2)

Civil war

Great opposition to the new regime

Communist (Red) Army fought on many fronts

Policy of war communism ensured regular supplies for the Red Army

Secret police instituted the Red Terror

Regime transformed Russia into a centralized state dominated by a single party

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War (Part 3)

Germany’s victory over Russia

German’s made a grand offensive in the West

Allied counterattack defeated the Germans

German officials created a liberal government

November 11, 1918: German government agreed to an armistice; war was over

The last year of the war

The casualties of the war

Between 8 and 9 million of soldiers died; untold numbers of civilians died from injuries or starvation

Chronology – World War I

Events of World War I	Dates
Battle of Tannenberg	August 26–30, 1914
First Battle of the Marne	September 6–10, 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes	September 15, 1914
Battle of Gallipoli begins	April 25, 1915
Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary	May 23, 1915
Battle of Verdun	February 21–December 18, 1916
United States enters the war	April 6, 1917
Last German offensive	March 21–July 18, 1918
Second Battle of the Marne	July 18, 1918
Allied counteroffensive	July 18–November 10, 1918
Armistice between Allies and Germany	November 11, 1918

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War (Part 4)

The peace settlement

The Paris Peace Conference

The League of Nations

The Treaty of Versailles

Five separate treaties with the defeated nations

Germany to pay reparations

Crisis in Russia and the End of the War (Part 5)

The other peace treaties

Redrew the map of eastern Europe

Guided by the principle of self-determination

Imperialist habits of Western nations died hard

Mandates: system whereby a nation officially administered a territory on behalf of the League of Nations

An Uncertain Peace: Focus Question

What problems did Europe and the United States face in the 1920s?

An Uncertain Peace (Part 1)

The search for security

League of Nations not effective in maintaining peace; could use only economic sanctions

France’s strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles

Allied Reparations Commission

The Dawes Plan stabilized Germany’s reparations payments

The Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s western borders

An Uncertain Peace (Part 2)

The Great Depression

Downturn in domestic economic activities and collapse of the American stock market set the stage

Unemployed and homeless people filled the streets throughout the industrial world

Women able to secure low-paying jobs; many men remained unemployed

Increased government activity in the economy

Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines; fascism

An Uncertain Peace (Part 3)

The democratic states

Great Britain: Serious economic difficulties

John Maynard Keynes and deficit spending

No French government seemed capable of solving France’s financial problems

Germany: No outstanding political leaders; serious economic difficulties

United States: Nation most affected by the Great Depression

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal

An Uncertain Peace (Part 4)

Socialism in Soviet Russia

New Economic Policy (NEP) adopted

Communists created a new state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Lenin’s death inaugurated a power struggle

Ideological divisions underscored by rivalry between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

Stalin eliminated the Bolsheviks and established a dictatorship

In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends – Focus Question

How did the cultural and intellectual trends of the post–World War I years reflect the crises of the time as well as the lingering effects of the war?

In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends

Nightmares and new visions

Dadaism

Surrealism

Probing the unconscious

“Stream of consciousness” technique

Influence of new psychological theories and Eastern religions

Mass entertainment