Final Course: Soc 101 week 3-4 Discussion

SOC101 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Course Guide This Introductory course presents basic concepts, theories, and research in sociology. Group organization, sex

and gender, marriage and the family, sports as a social institution, and collective behavior are among the topics

considered.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1

COURSE AT A GLANCE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

COURSE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 COURSE DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 PREREQUISITES ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES ................................................................................................................................................... 5

COURSE MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6

REQUIRED TEXT ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 REQUIRED RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Articles .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Multimedia ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Websites ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

COURSE GRADING............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 QUIZZES .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 ASSIGNMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 RESEARCH PAPER ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 GRADING PERCENT BREAKDOWN ................................................................................................................................................ 9

WEEK ONE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

COURSE CONTENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Weekly Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Required Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Recommended Resources ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Quiz ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

WEEK TWO .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE CONTENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Weekly Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Required Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Quiz ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Assignment ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

WEEK THREE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

COURSE CONTENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Weekly Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Required Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Quiz ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Assignment ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

WEEK FOUR ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

COURSE CONTENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Weekly Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Required Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Quiz ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30

WEEK FIVE .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

COURSE CONTENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Weekly Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................. 31 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Required Resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Quiz ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Research Paper ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE MAP ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE AT A GLANCE

COURSE DESCRIPTION This Introductory course presents basic concepts, theories, and research in sociology. Group organization, sex and gender,

marriage and the family, sports as a social institution, and collective behavior are among the topics considered.

COURSE DESIGN The course is designed to introduce students to the theoretical and practical understanding of sociology within the modern

world. Students will relate specific social problems to various sociological perspectives, theories and concepts. In

particular, this course emphasizes the inter-relationships among different social problems, as well as viewing given social

problems in terms of social institutions and total social structure. Finally, students will examine social problems within the

context of change. Students will consider social problems and their possible solutions through a combination of assigned

material, as well as outside research.

PREREQUISITES There are no prerequisites for SOC101.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to

1. Understand and assess the sociological perspectives in studying human behavior.

2. Analyze the nature and significance of social structure and social institutions.

3. Evaluate the nature and significance of culture, subcultures, social norms, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

through collaborative learning experiences.

4. Describe the process of socialization and the influence of agents of socialization on the development of the self.

5. Describe and assess patterns of social interaction using the concepts: status, role, primary group and secondary

group.

6. Explain and compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

7. Discuss the sources, types, consequences, and theories of social change in our world today.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE MATERIALS

REQUIRED TEXT Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• This text is a ConstellationTM course digital materials (CDM) title.

An Accessibility Statement does not exist.

Privacy Policy

REQUIRED RESOURCES

Articles

(n.d.). The anomie tradition. Retrieved from http://deviance.socprobs.net/Unit_3/Theory/Anomie.htm

Fuchs, S., & Plass, P. S. (1999). Sociology and social movements. Contempory Saociology, 28(3), 271-277. Retrieved

from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2654139

Hammond, C. (2014, November 18). The ‘pink vs blue’ gender myth. Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141117-the-pink-vs-blue-gender-myth

Hammond, R., Cheney, P., & Pearsey, R. (2015). Introduction to sociology: 06 socialization. Retrieved from

http://freesociologybooks.com/Introduction_To_Sociology/06_Socialization.php#

Hargittai, E. (2003). The digital divide and what to do about it. In D.C. Jones (Ed.), New Economy Handbook. Retrieved

from http://www.eszter.com/research/pubs/hargittai-digitaldivide.pdf

Jenks, C. (1993). The relation between culture and social structure. In Culture (pp. 25-44). Retrieved from

http://www.ebrary.com

Payne, R. (2005). Knowledge of the hidden rules of social class: A questionnaire. Adapted from A Framework for

Understanding Poverty (4th ed.). Denver, CO: Aha Process Inc.

Tierney, J. (2009). Anomie theory. In Key Perspectives in Criminology. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

Winkle-Wagner, R. (2010). Foundations of educational inequality: Cultural capital and social reproduction. ASHE Higher

Education Report, 36(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1002/aehe.3601

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Multimedia

Howes, S., & Taylor, S. (Writers & producers). (1997). Making sense of sociological theory [Series episode]. In

Understanding Sociology. Retrieved from

https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=40134&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480

&ref=

Knickerbocker Productions [shaggylocks]. (2012, August 14). Social class in America (propaganda from 1957) [Video

file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/eUgDbCZLPpY

mediathatmatters. (2007, May 4). A girl like me [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWyI77Yh1Gg&feature=youtu.be

RACE: Are We So Different? (2009, July 8). RACE: Are we so different? [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/8aaTAUAEyho

Social Images. (2008, September 16). Social construction [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVVWmZAStn8&feature=youtu.be

theDossier.info. (2011, December 8). How class works – Richard Wolff examines class [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGOA2WedIQo&feature=youtu.be

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

Websites

Ashford University Library. (n.d.). Sociology. Retrieved from http://ashfordonline.libguides.com/sociology

Bourdeau, M. (2014, October 16). Auguste Comte. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/

DOAB: Directory of Open Access Books (http://www.doabooks.org/doab)

emile-durkheim.com (http://www.emile-durkheim.com/)

WEBDuBois.org (http://webdubois.org/)

Wolff, J. (2010). Karl Marx (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE GRADING

Multiple measures of assessment are used in the course, allowing students opportunities to demonstrate their learning in

more than one way and giving consideration to individual learning styles. Course components that will be assessed

include:

DISCUSSIONS Each week students will participate in online discussions with classmates, which are related to the week’s readings. These

discussions replace the interactive dialogue that occurs in the traditional classroom setting. Each week, students’ initial

discussion posts are due by 11:59 p.m. (in the time zone in which each student resides) on Day 3 (Thursday). Students

will have until 11:59 p.m. on Day 7 (the following Monday) to make the required minimum number of response posts to

classmates. Discussions represent 40% of the overall course grade.

QUIZZES In Weeks One through Five, students will demonstrate and reinforce their understanding of the week’s content by taking

open-book quizzes. Students have up to 12 hours to complete a quiz once they begin. The quiz must be completed in one

sitting, by Day 7 of the week in which it is due. The questions are multiple choice and true/false. Each quiz is worth five

percent. Quizzes represent 25% of the overall course grade.

ASSIGNMENTS There are written assignments due in Weeks Two and Three of this course. These assignments must reflect college-level

writing. Assignments represent 16% of the overall course grade.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

RESEARCH PAPER The final assignment for this course is a Research Paper. The purpose of the Research Paper is for you to culminate the

learning achieved in the course by applying sociology theory and concepts such as research methods and analysis of

society using the sociological imagination. The Research Paper represents 19% of the overall course grade.

GRADING PERCENT BREAKDOWN

Activity Grading Percent

Discussions 40

Quizzes 25

Assignments 16

Research Paper 19

Total 100

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

WEEK ONE

COURSE CONTENT To be completed during the first week of class.

Overview

Activity Due Date Format Grading Percent

Post Your Introduction Day 1 Discussion 1

Sociological Theories Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 3

The Role of Culture Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Week One Quiz Day 6 Quiz 5

Weekly Learning Outcomes This week students will

1. Reflect critically on sociological topics.

2. Describe the major theories in sociology.

3. Summarize the role of culture in sociology.

Introduction

Welcome to Week One! This week you will learn the foundational aspects of Sociology. Most important are the varied

sociological perspectives and early theorists that define sociology as a discipline. Part of understanding theory is to

understand the research approaches which theorists have used to understand society. These two aspects are pivotal as they

will continually be points of reference as you progress through your sociology studies. From there, you will encounter the

first aspect of identity to be covered – culture.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

After reading Chapter 1, you will be able to describe what the discipline of sociology is and why it is necessary. You will

more fully understand the sociological imagination and be able to see the relationship between social issues and personal

troubles. You will also be well prepared to discuss the work of early sociological theorists and their contributions to

understanding modern society. This will all provide you with the skills needed to explain each of the theoretical

perspectives in sociology with an eye toward using each to analyze elements of social life throughout the text.

In Chapter 2, you will learn about the scientific method in general and be able to discuss how it applies to sociology in

particular. You will also gain the skills to explain how survey research, secondary data analysis, and experimental designs

are used in sociology. Further, you will be prepared to describe the use of observational studies and qualitative interviews

in sociology. Most importantly, you will grasp the importance of ethical considerations and the key principles of social

research.

By Chapter 3, you will explore culture and be able to differentiate between material and nonmaterial culture and between

elite and popular culture. In this chapter, you will grasp how cultural change can happen and the differing variations of

culture that exist. The week will finish by covering the key elements of culture (values, symbols, and language), and how

they can define the roles we hold in society and at times create conflict with others.

Required Resources

Text

Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sociology

• Chapter 2: Research Methods

• Chapter 3: Culture and Social Structure

Article

Jenks, C. (1993). The relation between culture and social structure. In Culture (pp. 25-44). Retrieved from

http://www.ebrary.com

• The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the ebrary database in the Ashford University

Library. This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides

greater detail in relation to the topic of culture.

Multimedia

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Howes, S., & Taylor, S. (Writers & producers). (1997). Making sense of sociological theory [Series episode]. In

Understanding Sociology. Retrieved from

https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=40134&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480

&ref=

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text by assisting students

with the concept of sociological theory through visual media.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

Recommended Resources

Websites

Ashford University Library. (n.d.). Sociology. Retrieved from http://ashfordonline.libguides.com/sociology

Bourdeau, M. (2014, October 16). Auguste Comte. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text throughout the course

and provides greater detail in relation to the topic of the theoretical work of Comte.

DOAB: Directory of Open Access Books (http://www.doabooks.org/doab)

emile-durkheim.com (http://www.emile-durkheim.com/)

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text throughout the course

and provides greater detail in relation to the topic of the theoretical work of Durkheim.

WEBDuBois.org (http://webdubois.org/)

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text throughout the course

and provides greater detail in relation to the topic of the theoretical work of Du Bois.

Wolff, J. (2010). Karl Marx (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text throughout the course

and provides greater detail in relation to the topic of the theoretical work of Marx.

Discussions Participate in the following discussions:

1. Post Your Introduction. 1st Post Due by Day 1. Post a brief introduction on the first day of class. Describe why

you have selected this particular program and how you think the course outcomes will help you in your present or

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

future career. Respond to at least three of your classmates’ introductions by Day 7. Use this forum to get

acquainted and for ongoing non-content related discussions.

2. Sociological Theories. 1st Post Due by Day 3. There are three primary sociological theories discussed in Chapter

1 of the text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense. Those sociological perspectives are also introduced in the

Making Sense of Sociological Theory video. After reading Chapter 1 of the text and watching the video, briefly

describe each theory and the major differences across the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interaction

perspectives. If there are specific sociologists affiliated with these perspectives please name them so that you can

start to make connections between theorist and theory. Be sure to discuss the weaknesses and strengths of each

theory.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

3. The Role of Culture. 1st Post Due by Day 3. Vissing (2011) explains culture as “an organized system of living

and thinking. It contains shared attitudes, values, goals, and behaviors that are present in individuals, groups,

organizations, or regions of the world” (p. 24). After reading Chapter 3 in the text and “The Relation Between

Culture and Social Structure,” summarize some of the ways that the role of culture can shape our expectations

about how people are supposed to behave. Moreover, discuss how culture is involved in the consequences when a

person does not behave as one is supposed to. Be sure to use the following terms in your explanation: values,

norms, material, status, groups, and roles.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Reference:

Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Quiz 1. Week One Quiz. Due by Day 7. Complete the quiz on the assigned readings for the week. The quiz contains 10

multiple-choice questions. You will have up to 12 hours to complete the quiz, and it must be taken in one sitting.

You will have two opportunities to take this quiz. This quiz utilizes a test bank so each attempt may contain

different questions. Please note that your last attempt will be the grade recorded in the gradebook.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

WEEK TWO

COURSE CONTENT To be completed during the second week of class.

Overview

Activity Due Date Format Grading Percent

Socialization Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Deviant Behavior Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Week Two Quiz Day 7 Quiz 5

Theorist of Choice Day 7 Assignment 8

Weekly Learning Outcomes

This week students will

1. Identify the various agents of socialization.

2. Summarize the role of deviant behavior in society.

3. Examine various sociology theorists.

4. Reflect critically on Sociological topics.

Introduction

Welcome to Week Two! This week, we gain a further understanding of culture and how it intersects with socialization

and the influence of groups and networks that we come in contact with as we develop. You will also learn about how we

define norms in society and conversely how we determine that which is deviant. While some deviance will be to pursue a

desired individuality, some forms of deviance are considered counter to societal norms to the point of criminality. As

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

such, the week ends with a greater understanding of the "controls" which govern us as citizens in a modern and advanced

technological society.

In Chapter 4, you will gain an understanding of the importance of the relationship between socialization and culture.

Highlights will include the relative effects of biological development and personal experiences on the socialization

process, as well as an assessment of the bio-psychological and sociological theories of socialization for their strengths and

weaknesses. You will gain insight into the role of agents of socialization in the socialization process, what each agent is

intended to teach, and the challenges that could prevent that learning from occurring.

After reading Chapter 5, you will be able to recognize the influence of groups on the individual level of socialization and

on social-level patterns of behavior. You will gain insight into the influence of groups in the way we see ourselves and

others in society. Through this, you will be able to explain the relationship between groups and power, both in the power

that groups hold in society and the power the group exerts on the individual. As such, you will recognize the importance

of bureaucracy and the potential dangers of organizing a group in this way. The chapter ends by discussing the

phenomena of social network influences and how modern communication technology may be changing that influence.

Chapter 6 delves into deviance as well as the relative nature of this social phenomenon. You will gain a greater

understanding of the measurement, extent, and major types of crime, as well as the major strategies used to attempt to

control deviance in society. Through a theoretical lens, you will learn to explore deviance and crime and further

understand the relationship between deviance and recent technological advances.

Required Resources

Text

Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• Chapter 4: Socialization

• Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations

• Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime

Articles

(n.d.). The anomie tradition. Retrieved from http://deviance.socprobs.net/Unit_3/Theory/Anomie.htm

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides greater

detail in relation to the topic of deviant behavior and the theoretical work of Durkheim.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Hammond, R., Cheney, P., & Pearsey, R. (2015). Introduction to sociology: 06 socialization. Retrieved from

http://freesociologybooks.com/Introduction_To_Sociology/06_Socialization.php#

• This resources is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides greater

detail in relation to the topic of socialization.

Accessibility Statement does not exist

Privacy Policy does not exist.

Tierney, J. (2009). Anomie theory. In Key Perspectives in Criminology. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

• The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the ebrary database in the Ashford University

Library. This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides

greater detail in relation to deviant behavior and the theoretical work of Durkheim.

Discussions Participate in the following discussions:

1. Socialization. 1st Post Due by Day 3. As humans, we become aware of ourselves as belonging to a group and we

learn how to behave through the process of socialization. In addition to reading Chapter 4 of the text, you will

also read Introduction to Sociology: 06 Socialization. After reading the required resources, describe the various

agents of socialization and why they are important. Do socializing agents contribute to an institutionalized system

of social inequality? Why or why not?

In your post, be sure to discuss how an individual's race, class, and gender can influence the way that he or she is

socialized. Support your answer with detailed examples.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

2. Deviant Behavior. 1st Post Due by Day 3. For this discussion, you must read Chapter 6 of the text, Introduction to

Sociology: 06 Socialization, the article, The Anomie Tradition: Explaining Rates of Deviant Behavior,

Durkheim's classic contribution, and the Anomie theory reading from Key Perspectives in Criminology, found in

the ebrary database. After reading the required resources, explain why Emile Durkheim alleges that if we did not

have deviants, we would create them. In other words, Durkheim is making an argument that having a group of

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

people society considers deviant serves broader functions for society. What are these functions? Support your

answer with detailed examples.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Quiz 1. Week Two Quiz. Due by Day 7. Complete the quiz on the assigned readings for the week. The quiz contains 10

multiple-choice questions. You will have up to 12 hours to complete the quiz, and it must be taken in one sitting.

You will have two opportunities to take this quiz. This quiz utilizes a test bank so each attempt may contain

different questions. Please note that your last attempt will be the grade recorded in the gradebook.

Assignment

1. Theorist of Choice. Due by Day 7. The text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense, describes many individuals who

have contributed to our current view of sociology, including:

• Auguste Comte

• Emile Durkheim

• Karl Marx

• Max Webber

• Harriet Martineau

• Jane Addams

• W.E.B. Dubois

• Erving Goffman

• George Herbert Mead

• Robert Merton

From the list provided, identify one theorist whose work regarding society you found most interesting. Using the

knowledge you have gained thus far in this course, write a paper that describes the theory or work aligned to the

chosen theorist and provide three reasons why you chose this theorist. Use scholarly resources to support your

thesis.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

The paper must be three to four pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according

to APA style and in expected Essay format (visit the Ashford Writing Center Essay area for information on this).

You must use at least two scholarly resources (at least one of which must be found in the Ashford Library) other

than the textbook to support your claims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information

regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

WEEK THREE

COURSE CONTENT To be completed during the third week of class.

Overview

Activity Due Date Format Grading Percent

Social Class Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Social Construction Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Week Three Quiz Day 7 Quiz 5

Demographic Report Day 7 Assignment 8

Weekly Learning Outcomes

This week students will

1. Identify the various forms of social stratification.

2. Summarize various forms of social construction such as race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality.

3. Analyze secondary data sources.

4. Examine various sociology theorists.

5. Reflect critically on sociological topics.

Introduction

Welcome to Week Three! You may remember that our first introduction to identity was in Week One through culture.

This week, you will learn about other forms of identity which have distinct connections to inequality in society.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

In Chapter 7, you will learn about concepts of stratification and inequality and the relationship between them. You will be

engaged in discussions regarding power, the typical ways it is understood, its connection to stratification, and how poverty

can be the result of structural forces. This is often highlighted through status and its relationship to stratification and

privilege. This knowledge will help explain the characteristics of a post-industrial economy, and how various theories of

economic inequality are formed.

Through reading Chapter 8, you will gain an understanding of the relationship between race and ethnicity, how they

differ, and how they are “socially constructed.” You will gain the skills to discuss several forms of prejudice and

discrimination and explain their relation to race and ethnicity as well as other ascribed intersecting variables. Through

this, you will gain an insight into the sources and outcomes of symbolic prejudice and institutionalized discrimination.

Chapter 9 covers the differences between sex and gender and how male and female gender roles are also the result of

social construction. You will gain an understanding of the varied ways we “do” sexuality and gender in society and learn

to identify differences between sexual orientation and sexual identity. The chapter ends with discussion on the various

theories of gender inequality, the role of patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity in gender inequality, and the role of

institutionalized discrimination in creating inequality based on sexuality and gender.

Required Resources

Text

Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• Chapter 7: Social Stratification

• Chapter 8: Race and Ethnicity

• Chapter 9: Gender and Sexuality

Articles

Hammond, C. (2014, November 18). The ‘pink vs blue’ gender myth. Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141117-the-pink-vs-blue-gender-myth

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides greater

detail in relation to the topic of social construction of gender.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

22

SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Payne, R. (2005). Knowledge of the hidden rules of social class: A questionnaire. Adapted from A Framework for

Understanding Poverty (4th ed.). Denver, CO: Aha Process Inc.

• This resource is provided to complete discussion One and provides greater detail in relation to the topic of

social class. This resource is available for download in your online classroom.

Multimedia

Knickerbocker Productions [shaggylocks]. (2012, August 14). Social class in America (propaganda from 1957) [Video

file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/eUgDbCZLPpY

• The video depicts the historical view of social class which is still current and provides a visual

interpretation of social class that is supplemental to the text.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

mediathatmatters. (2007, May 4). A girl like me [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWyI77Yh1Gg&feature=youtu.be

• Many sociologists agree that this documentary is impactful in understanding how social construction and

depictions of race permeate society. The video depicts the views of young women and children of color

and provides a visual interpretation of Social construction of race and ethnicity that is supplemental to the

text. Note that A Girl Like Me uses words or language that are considered profane, vulgar or offensive by

some viewers. Ashford University does not condone such content that may be objectionable; however, the

video is being used due to its impact and education value in understanding social construction.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

RACE: Are We So Different? (2009, July 8). RACE: Are we so different? [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/8aaTAUAEyho

• This video depicts the history of race in America and provides a visual interpretation of the social

construction of race and ethnicity that is supplemental to the text.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

Social Images. (2008, September 16). Social construction [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVVWmZAStn8&feature=youtu.be

• The video depicts social construction in various ways to help students with the concept in a more

accessible way and provides a visual interpretation of social construction that is supplemental to the text.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

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theDossier.info. (2011, December 8). How class works – Richard Wolff examines class [Video file]. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGOA2WedIQo&feature=youtu.be

• The video depicts a modern view of social class and provides a visual depiction of social class that is

supplemental to the text.

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Discussions Participate in the following discussions:

1. Social Class. 1st Post Due by Day 3. For this discussion, you must read Chapter 7 of the text, Sociology: Beyond

Common Sense, and watch the two videos, Social Class in America 1957 McGraw-Hill text-films (an old video

but great example) and How Class Works – Richard Wolff Examines Class. Then, review the document,

Knowledge of Hidden Rules of Social Class. Read through the descriptions of daily activities and commonplace

knowledge for lower, middle, and upper class people. Print it out and place an ‘X’ next to the things you know

how to do [you can also just note your ‘X’ marks], and look to see how many ‘X’ marks you have in each

category [If you don’t have children, use yourself and your siblings as a reference group.]. This will help you gain

insight into the taken for granted or hidden knowledge you need to survive in various social classes. After

completing these tasks, consider the following questions:

• Social Class in the US

How would you categorize the types of knowledge? How and where would someone acquire and learn

this knowledge? How do you gain access to the people and places this can be learned? Is this access

generally equal in the US?

• You as a Social Being

On which questionnaires did you have the most and least marks? Were you surprised by the outcome?

Do you have equal access to the people and places required to acquire knowledge you currently do not

have?

• Conclusions

What conclusions can you make about the nature of the hidden knowledge necessary to be successful in

each social class?

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Discussion adapted from: Ashton, P. (2005) Discussion ideas on Social Class. Resources for Teachers.

Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association

2. Social Construction. 1st Post Due by Day 3. For this discussion, you must read Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 of the

text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense, the article The ‘Pink vs Blue’ Gender Myth, and watch the three videos,

Social Construction, RACE: Are We So Different?, and A Girl Like Me. [Note that A Girl Like Me uses words or

language that are considered profane, vulgar or offensive by some viewers. Ashford University does not condone

such content that may be objectionable; however, the video is being used due to its impact and education value in

understanding social construction.] After reviewing these resources on varied perspectives of social construction,

consider the following questions:

• What is social construction?

• Which example from the resources provided did you find most compelling in building your knowledge of

social construction? Describe it and explain why you found it most useful.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Quiz 1. Week Three Quiz. Due by Day 7. Complete the quiz on the assigned readings for the week. The quiz contains 10

multiple-choice questions. You will have up to 12 hours to complete the quiz, and it must be taken in one sitting.

You will have two opportunities to take this quiz. This quiz utilizes a test bank so each attempt may contain

different questions. Please note that your last attempt will be the grade recorded in the gradebook.

Assignment

1. Demographic Report. Due by Day 7. This assignment is closely related to the final Research Paper in Week

Five. Please review the instructions for that paper before beginning this assignment. For this Week Three

assignment, you will present demographic data on the city, town, or county where you currently live in

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

preparation for the Research Paper, which is due in Week Five. To do this, you will perform secondary data

analysis by visiting the US Census Bureau’s American FactFinder. Identify the various social and economic

characteristics (i.e., education, population, housing, race, gender, age, income, etc.) of this locale and report the

statistics. You can also check government websites for your state, county or city for data. Then, using the

statistics you report, identify your findings of social stratification or social inequality found in this locale as

highlighted in the reading in the text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense, for Week Three. In other words, what

does the data tell you about the social stratification and social inequalities found in your locale? Be sure to choose

a locale that you have access to, as you will be conducting in-person observations in this locale for the Research

Paper due in Week Five. If you are currently living outside of the U.S. or will have difficulties physically

accessing a location in the U.S., please contact your instructor for additional instructions.

Your demographic report should follow the following structure:

• Introduction (including the locality chosen and general socio-economic info on your locality)

• At least five body paragraphs presenting the social or economic characteristics and specific data for the

locality (please state both numbers and percentages if available). In this section of your paper, be sure to

present statistics related to education, population, race, gender, age, income (and poverty), housing, as

well as any other factors you think relate to the stratification and/or inequality in your chosen locale.

Examples of how data can be presented:

o A table of all the variables you found (if you select this option, please do not copy and paste

tables from the American Factfinder website. Rather, create your own table with all of your

variables).

[Insert/Table in MS Word; add as many columns and rows as you like]:

Location: [examples]San Diego,

Kern County, etc…

Percentage Number (n=)

Population (male): 45% 45,000

Population (female) 55% 55,000

Median Income $40,000

% of Population with College

Degree

30% 30,000

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

o Or a bullet point list of all the variables you found.

Location:

Population:

 Male – 45% (n=45,000)

 Female – 55% (n=55,000)…etc.

• At least two body paragraphs describing how the statistics you report relate to social stratification and

social inequality (use your text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense as reference). In other words, think

about what picture the statistics paint about the type of social hierarchies and inequalities that exist in

your locale. (Hint: Think about stratification and inequalities based on race, gender, age, social class, etc.

Finding statistics about education, income, housing, etc. by race/gender/age can be useful places to make

these observations).

• Conclusion (summarize the socio-economic status of your locality based on your findings and related

discussions on social stratification and social inequality )

• Reference page.

The paper must be four to five pages in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least five

resources from the Census website. You must use your text to support your work on social stratification and social

inequality. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding APA samples and

tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

WEEK FOUR

COURSE CONTENT To be completed during the fourth week of class.

Overview

Activity Due Date Format Grading Percent

Social Institutions Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Current Social Issues: Educational Inequality Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Week Four Quiz Day 7 Quiz 5

Weekly Learning Outcomes

This week students will

1. Describe the trends and factors associated with various social institutions.

2. Identify solutions to providing equal access to various social institutions.

3. Reflect critically on sociological topics.

4. Discuss the sociological factors that play a role in educational inequality and how that type of social inequality

impacts social institutions.

Introduction

Welcome to Week Four! This week, you will learn about the varied social institutions which can define our experience of

society. Some of these institutions can be beneficial to some members of society while adding challenges to others. Some

macro-theorists posit that at the core of many of society’s social problems there will be found an institution that works

against specific social groups. Micro-theorists will surmise that citizens are individual, free agents who have the ability to

transcend society’s issues. Last, there are theorists who see modern life as something in the middle. As you develop your

sociological imagination, where does your newly informed sociological perspective place you?

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

In Chapter 10, you will gain an overarching knowledge regarding the nature of social institutions, the interrelationships

between these structures, and the basic sociological perspectives on institutions. Specifically, you will learn how to

discuss the institution of the family and related concepts, including marriage, divorce, parenthood, and cohabitation. You

will gain an understanding of the institution of the economy and its various manifestations. Last, you will investigate the

institution of education, including the importance of tracking, social capital, and disparities of outcomes for various

groups.

After reading Chapter 11, you will be able to recognize the functions of the government, religion, and health institutions.

This will allow you to understand the interconnection of each institution within the system as a whole. Also covered are

the various forms of government and the role of power in each, especially the various issues with the system of democracy

run by the United States. There will then be a review of the ways to define religion and the challenges that accompany

each definition, as well as a summation of the various forms of religious organization and analysis of religion through

classical sociological theory. Last, you will gain and understanding of the relationship between health and medicine, the

importance of public health, and recognition of the role of stratification in the health of individuals.

Required Resources

Text

Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• Chapter 10: Institutions I: The Family, Economy and Education

• Chapter 11: Institutions II: Politics and Government, Religion and Health

Article

Winkle-Wagner, R. (2010). Foundations of educational inequality: Cultural capital and social reproduction. ASHE Higher

Education Report, 36(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1002/aehe.3601

• The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the EBSCOhost database in the Ashford

University Library. This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and

provides greater detail in relation to the topic of Educational Inequality.

Discussions Participate in the following discussions:

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

1. Social Institutions. 1st Post Due by Day 3. Vessing (2011) states, “a society needs a variety of social institutions

in order to function adequately. However, it does appear that not all citizens have equal access to participation in

them, and that one’s social class and ascribed characteristics may limit one’s ability to benefit from them. This

disparity results in unequal access to all that the institutions have to offer” (p. 197). Review the various social

institutions discussed in Chapters 10 and 11 of the text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense.

Based on what you have read in the text, describe at least two institutions that do not provide equal access? If you

were asked to implement changes from a sociological perspective, what changes would you suggest? Support

your answer with detailed examples.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Reference:

Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

2. Current Social Issues: Educational Inequality. 1st Post Due by Day 3. According to conflict theorists, the

persistence of social class inequality can be linked to the educational institutions in the United States. Although

education is asserted to be a social equalizer, many argue that the educational system is a mechanism of social

reproduction that maintains social inequality rather than ensuring equality of opportunity. For this discussion, you

will read Chapters 10 and 11 of the text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense, and review the article, Foundations

of Educational Inequality.

Answer the following questions:

• What factors influence the quality of education that an individual receives?

• How is social class reproduced through the educational system?

• How is this continuing educational inequality impacting other social institutions?

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Quiz 1. Week Four Quiz. Due by Day 7. Complete the quiz on the assigned readings for the week. The quiz contains 10

multiple-choice questions. You will have up to 12 hours to complete the quiz, and it must be taken in one sitting.

You will have two opportunities to take this quiz. This quiz utilizes a test bank so each attempt may contain

different questions. Please note that your last attempt will be the grade recorded in the gradebook.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

WEEK FIVE

COURSE CONTENT To be completed during the fifth week of class.

Overview

Activity Due Date Format Grading Percent

Social Movements Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Social Change Day 3

(1st post) Discussion 4

Week Five Quiz Day 7 Quiz 5

Research Paper Day 7 Research Paper 19

Weekly Learning Outcomes

This week students will

1. Summarize the different approaches to understanding social movements.

2. Discuss the various agents of social change.

3. Reflect critically on sociological topics.

Introduction

Welcome to Week Five! In Week Five, we pull everything together by gaining an understanding about how all that we

have learned can fuel social movements and at times social change. This will help you understand how society can be

affected by the problems and how policy and changes in norms (often brought about through sociological practice) can

develop a society over time.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Specifically, in Chapter 12, you will gain an understanding of the main forms of collective behavior and the major types

of social movements. This will be achieved by studying these social movements through the lens of the main theoretical

perspectives of social movements. Further, you will learn about the various sources of social change and how these are

interpreted through the main sociological perspectives related to social change. This content will help you fully

understand modernization and post-industrial society.

Required Resources

Text

Durkin, K. F., & Carrothers, R. M. (2015). Sociology: Beyond common sense [Electronic version]. Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu/

• Chapter 12: Collective Behavior, Social Change, and Contemporary Society

Articles

Fuchs, S., & Plass, P. S. (1999). Sociology and social movements. Contempory Saociology, 28(3), 271-277. Retrieved

from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2654139

• The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the JSTOR database in the Ashford University

Library. This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides

greater detail in relation to the topic of social movements.

Hargittai, E. (2003). The digital divide and what to do about it. In D.C. Jones (Ed.), New Economy Handbook. Retrieved

from http://www.eszter.com/research/pubs/hargittai-digitaldivide.pdf

• This resource is provided as an alternative and supplemental viewpoint to the text and provides greater

detail in relation to the topic of social change.

Multimedia

TED. (Producer). (2003, February). Wade Davis: Dreams from endangered cultures [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.ted.com/talks/wade_davis_on_endangered_cultures?language=en

• The video depicts how social change is destroying various cultures and provides a visual interpretation of

Social Change that is supplemental to the text.

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Discussions Participate in the following discussions:

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

1. Social Movements. 1st Post Due by Day 3. Social movements can change the world. After reading Chapter 12 of

the text, Sociology: Beyond Common Sense, and the article, Sociology and Social Movements, discuss the social

movements that have been noted in the United States in the last decade. Moreover, discuss what implications

those movements have had on today’s culture. Finally, hypothesize what current social movements could

transform the future of the world.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

2. Social Change. 1st Post Due by Day 3. The future of the world is uncertain. In fact, there are those who predict a

wonderful world where technology and creativity provide a good quality of life for most people, while others

predict a world of competition, conflict, and strife. Read Chapter 12 of the text, Sociology: Beyond Common

Sense, and the article, The Digital Divide and What to Do About It. Then, watch the video Wade Davis: Dreams

From Endangered Cultures. After reading and viewing the required resources, use the sociological theories

provided throughout the text to explain why these polar opposites could both occur, and what needs to happen for

peace and prosperity to result. In your answer, be sure to offer an explanation of what the digital divide is and

why it matters.

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required

material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your

classmates’ posts by Day 7.

Quiz

1. Week Five Quiz. Due by Day 7. Complete the quiz on the assigned readings for the week. The quiz contains 10

multiple-choice questions. You will have up to 12 hours to complete the quiz, and it must be taken in one sitting.

You will have two opportunities to take this quiz. This quiz utilizes a test bank so each attempt may contain

different questions. Please note that your last attempt will be the grade recorded in the gradebook.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

Research Paper

1. Research Paper. Due by Day 7. The focus of this paper is to explore how residential patterns affect intergroup

relations. You will use research approaches such as observation and secondary data analysis to further understand

your community. Remember, you should conduct the observation (Step 2 below) on the same locale for which

you completed the demographic report in your Week Three assignment (Step 1 below). If you are currently

overseas or have other barriers that prevent you from physically accessing a location in the U.S., please contact

your instructor for alternative assignment instructions.

Step 1: Using Secondary Data

Use the data gathered on your chosen locality in the Week Three assignment, “Demographic Report,” and

implement any feedback from your instructor into your paper. If more data is needed, use demographic data from

the latest census (available online using the US Census American FactFinder) and identify the various social and

economic characteristics (i.e., education, population, housing, race, class, etc.) of this locale. You can also check

government websites for your state, county or city for data. Present your findings in two to three pages of the

paper.

Step 2: Using an Observational Study

Next, spend 30 to 60 minutes observing your community. Go to a central place in your town such as the center of

the city, a major landmark, or you can drive or walk to different areas and observe for a few minutes. Take notes

of what you observe, including the types of people you see, the economic conditions, as well as the businesses or

other institutions that are present. Based on your observations, what can you tell about the economic condition of

the majority of people? Is the locale integrated or segregated? In this step, consider the information you have

gathered in Step 1 regarding social and economic characteristics, and identify whether it matches what you have

recorded from your observation. Be sure to compare the data you gathered from your observations to what was

found in the census data and make note if there are differences. Present your findings in one to two pages of the

paper.

Step 3: Analysis and Reporting of Research

Analyze your data and present your responses in two to three pages in the paper:

• Describe how segregated the neighborhoods are in your locality. Be sure to consider the various social

inequality indicators: race, ethnicity, class, gender, and perhaps sexuality for some areas.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

• Indicate if there are policies, practices, or specific circumstances that have created and maintained these

patterns.

Here are some examples of aspects to consider: Historically, has there always been racial

segregation or not? Was it traditionally an area of immigration from a certain ethnic region? Is

there an LGBT community? Was it an industrial area that had a strong working class community,

or is it a technology area with highly educated citizens? Have there been efforts to desegregate or

plans in the future?

• In Chapter 1 and throughout the text, you have explored several sociological theoretical perspectives.

Indicate which theoretical perspective best presents your analysis of your locality. Describe why you have

chosen this theoretical perspective and ensure you include detail on which theorist’s work is most

representative.

The Research Paper:

• Must be seven to nine double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference pages), and formatted

according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

• Must include a title page with the following:

o Title of paper

o Student’s name

o Course name and number

o Instructor’s name

o Date submitted

• Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.

• Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.

• Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.

• Must use at least five scholarly resources, including a minimum of two from the Ashford University

Library.

• Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

• Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford

Writing Center.

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

COURSE MAP

The course map illustrates the careful design of the course through which each learning outcome is supported by one or

more specific learning activities in order to create integrity and pedagogical depth in the learning experience.

Learning Outcome Week Activity

1. Understand and assess the sociological

perspectives in studying human behavior.

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

5

5

 Sociological Theories – Discussion

 The Role of Culture – Discussion

 Week One Quiz

 Socialization – Discussion

 Deviant Behavior – Discussion

 Week Two Quiz

 Theorist of Choice – Assignment

 Social Class – Discussion

 Social Construction – Discussion

 Week Three Quiz

 Demographic Report – Assignment

 Week Four Quiz

 Week Five Quiz

 Research Paper

2. Analyze the nature and significance of social

structure and social institutions.

1

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

 The Role of Culture – Discussion

 Socialization – Discussion

 Social Class – Discussion

 Demographic Report – Assignment

 Social Institutions – Discussion

 Current Social Issues: Educational

Inequality – Discussion

 Social Movements – Discussion

 Social Change – Discussion

 Research Paper

3. Evaluate the nature and significance of culture, 1  The Role of Culture – Discussion

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SOC101: Introduction to Sociology COURSE GUIDE

subcultures, social norms, ethnocentrism and

cultural relativism through collaborative learning

experiences.

3

3

3

5

 Social Class – Discussion

 Social Construction – Discussion

 Demographic Report – Assignment

 Research Paper

4. Describe the process of socialization and the

influence of agents of socialization on the

development of the self.

1

2

2

3

3

 The Role of Culture – Discussion

 Socialization – Discussion

 Deviant Behavior – Discussion

 Social Class – Discussion

 Social Construction – Discussion

5. Describe and assess patterns of social interaction

using the concepts: status, role, primary group

and secondary group.

1

4

5

 The Role of Culture – Discussion

 Current Social Issues: Educational

Inequality – Discussion

 Research Paper

6. Explain and compare sociological perspectives on

deviance.

2

3

5

5

 Deviant Behavior – Discussion

 Social Construction – Discussion

 Social Movements – Discussion

 Social Change – Discussion

7. Discuss the sources, types, consequences, and

theories of social change in our world today.

2

3

5

5

5

 Theorist of Choice – Assignment

 Demographic Report – Assignment

 Social Movements – Discussion

 Social Change – Discussion

 Research Paper