steps
steoan221a
theoryoverview.pptxTheories and History
Dr. Linda-Marie Sundstrom
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Introductions
Articles of Confederation (1777)
Constitution (1787)
Constitution was signed in 1787, but ratified by New Hampshire (9 of the 13 states) in 1788
The term in the video “republican” refers to a representative republic form of government (elected representatives representing the people) ruled by the constitution (as opposed to a democracy), not the political party
Federalism
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO7FQsCcbD8
13:03
Overview
Articles of the Constitution include
Article I – Legislative Branch
Article II – Executive Branch
Article III – Judicial Branch
Article IV – States Rights
Article V – Amendment Process
Article VI – Constitution is the Law of the Land
Article VII – Ratification
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiahGIKTl00
(1:28)
Articles I, II, and III
Hamilton, Madison, Jay
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9lCkWJ72yE&list=PLi3U-nPPrbS5d-juhFwo3hTBso0gq2sUZ&index=45
(Start video at 2:20 mark)
Federalist Papers (1787-1788)
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYEfLm5dLMQ
(3 minutes)
Bill of Rights
2/3 of both houses
3/4 of all states
https :// www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuwfzEJ4PU&list=PLi3U-nPPrbS5d-juhFwo3hTBso0gq2sUZ&index=41
(4:55)
Constitutional Amendments
President Andrew Jackson – Spoils System
President Garfield shot by supporter
Pendleton Act
Signed by President Chester A. Arthur
Spoils System/Merit System
Wilson’s Dichotomy (1887)
Politics/Administration Dichotomy
Politics
Purpose: To create policy
Involved: Elected Officials responsible for the creation of policy
Laws
Ordinances
Policy
Administration
Purpose: To implement policy
Involved: Everyone who is employed by a government agency including
Military
First responders
Social services
Parks and rec, etc.
Scientific Management
One Best Way
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1912)
Henri Fayol (1916)
14 Principles of Management
Division of Labor
Authority
Discipline
Unity of Command
Unity of Direction
Subordination
Remuneration
Centralization
Scalar Chain
Order
Equity
Stability of Tenure of Personnel
Initiative
Esprit de Corps
He did not like the fact that employees were more loyal to their bosses then to their organizations which therefore created a family-like structure.
He instead believed in a more formal and rigid structure of organization known as bureaucracy.
Bureaucracy is a non-personal view of organizations
Formal structure that has rules, and formal legitimate authority
It has characteristics of appropriate management practices.
Max Weber (1922)
Six Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Well defined formal hierarchy of command
Management by rules and regulation
Division of labor and work specialization
Managers should maintain an impersonal relationship with their employees
Competence and not personality should be basis for job appointment
Formal rules, regulations, procedures, decisions and actions by the organizations and its members should be recorded in order to preserve consistency and accountability
Max Weber (cont’d)
She recognized the holistic nature of community and advanced the idea of "reciprocal relationships" in understanding the dynamic aspects of the individual in relationship to others.
Advocated the principle of what she termed "integration," or noncoercive power-sharing based on the use of her concept of "power with" rather than "power over.“
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTgnhatFvPc
(4:39 History)
Mary Parker Follett (1926)
Hawthorne Effect
A type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed
The novelty of increased attention could lead to temporary increases in workers' productivity.
Managers who understand informal ties among workers can make decisions for management's benefit
People's work performance is dependent on both social relationships and job content.
Elton Mayo (1920s)
Brownlow, Merriam, & Gulick recommended changes to the Executive Office of the President including:
Creating aides to the President in order to deal with the administrative tasks assigned to the President.
The President should have direct control over the administrative departments.
The managerial agencies - The Civil Service Administration, the Bureau of the Budget, and the National Resources Board - should be part of the Executive Office.
The Reorganization Act of 1939 incorporated only two of the recommendations.
The most important results of the actions taken by Roosevelt were the creation of the Executive Office of the President and the creation of a group of six executive level assistants.
Brownlow Commission 1937
POSDCoRB
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Division/Coordination of work
Workers should only have one boss
Gulick (1937)
Functions of the Executive
Stressed "soft" factors such as "communication" and "informal processes“ in organizations
Seven Essential Rules (1-4)
Channels of communication should be definite
Everyone should know the channels of communication
Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication
Lines of communication should be as short and direct as possible
Chester Barnard (1938)
Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate
The line of communication should not be interrupted when organization is functioning
Every communication should be authenticated
Organizations endure, however, in proportion to the breadth of the morality by which they are governed
The endurance of an organization depends upon the quality of leadership, and that quality derives from the breadth of the morality upon which it rests
Chester Barnard (7 Rules cont’d)
Abraham Maslow (1943)
Bounded Rationality
Satisficing
In order to talk about organizations, we need to talk about decision making (Simon)
https ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErnWbP_Wztk
Herbert Simon (1946)
Waldo challenged mainstream scholars' view of public administration as a value-free, non-partisan social science that promised to make government more efficient and effective.
Dwight Waldo (1948)
Theory X
Workers dislike working.
Avoid responsibility and need to be directed.
Have to be controlled, forced, and threatened to deliver what's needed.
Need to be supervised at every step, with controls put in place.
Need to be enticed to produce results; otherwise they have no ambition or incentive to work.
Douglas McGregor (1957)
Theory Y
Workers take responsibility and are motivated to fulfill the goals they are given
Seek and accept responsibility and do not need much direction
Consider work as a natural part of life and solve work problems imaginatively
McGregor (Cont’d)
The science of muddling through
Incrementalism
Policy change is evolutionary, not revolutionary
Charles E. Lindblom (1959)
New Public Management (NPM) is the label given to a series of reforms from the 1980s onwards, to improve the efficiency and performance of western governments and/or public sector organizations.
New Public Management (1980s)
Strengthening steering functions
Devolving authority, providing flexibility
Ensuring performance, control and accountability
Improving the management of human resources
Optimizing information technology
Improving the quality of regulation
Providing responsive service
Developing competition and choice
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-3-lEEHvzc
EU Based
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLHbUF7dADA
R. Swanson - Start at 1 minute mark (1:15)
NPM - 8 Aspects to NPM
Public and private leadership: Are they fundamentally alike in all unimportant respects
Graham Allison (1979)
The New Public Service
Serving, Not Steering
A new model of governance that stresses the need to engage citizens in governance of their communities
Denhardt & Denhardt (2007)
In order to talk about organizations, we need to talk about decision making (Barnard, Simon)
Rational Choice
Bounded Rationality
Satisficing
Herbert Simon
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErnWbP_Wztk
Garbage Can Theory
Cohen March and Olsen, 1972
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=raTM7OSSQ8k
Charles Lindblom
The Science of Muddling Through
Incrementalism
Decision Making Theories
Elite Theory
Group Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Institutional Theory
Political Systems Theory
Agenda Setting
John Kingdon’s Three Streams (1984)
Problem Identification
More of a crisis, more likely it will get on the agenda
Policy Alternative Development
Politics
Swings of national mood to face the problem
Three streams work largely independent of each other
When these three streams converge, the more likely it will get on the agenda (a policy window is open for a very short time)
Policy Entrepreneurs need to seize the opportunity because the window will close quickly
Agenda Setting
Problems with no easy solution (e.g., poverty)
Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong, or good or bad
No immediate or ultimate test for solutions
Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions.
Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem.
The existence of a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways.
The explanation determines the nature of the problem's resolution
Rittel and Webber (1973)
Wicked Problems (Rittel & Webber)
Efficiency vs. Effectiveness
Great Man Theory
Trait Theory
Skills Theory
Style Theory
Situational Leadership
Contingency Theory
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Servant Leadership
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKUPDUDOBVo
Leadership Theories
V. O. Key (1940)
Lack of Budgetary Theory
Key tried to address the issue of public budgeting not having a theory of its own by offering a microeconomic solution to the problem, one that would increase allocative efficiency of government.
Line Item Budget
Zero Based Budget
Incremental Budget
Budgeting Concepts
Objective Responsibilities (to others)
To superiors, subordinates, legislation, citizens
Subjective Responsibilities (to oneself)
Beliefs, values and feelings
Role Conflict
Authority Conflict
External Controls (Legislation, Codes of Conduct)
Internal Controls (Standards, Values, Beliefs)
Deontological (Moral Duties)
Teleological (Consequences Play a Role)
Ethics Theories
Questions?
