rewrite

Running head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 9

Antimicrobial Resistance

Student’s Name

University Affiliation

Date

Antimicrobial Resistance

An antimicrobial resistance tends to take place when a series of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change when they are subjected to antimicrobial remedies. The typically certified treatments for microbes include the antibiotics, antivirals, antimalarial, anthelmintic and antifungals (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). However, some organisms have mutated and developed resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Such organisms have been branded the name superbugs. With the development of antimicrobial resistance genes, these microorganisms have become a problem since medicines are ineffective and thus the body of an individual becomes prone to attacks.

A few critical aspects of concern characterize antimicrobial resistance. First, antimicrobial resistance has threatened the effective prevention and medication of the ever-increasing range of antimicrobial infections (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). This point has been achieved through the process of mutation, where microorganisms have developed resistant genes towards antibiotics. The variation has made people life risky since medication has been perceived to be less effective. Second, the antimicrobial resistance is increasingly becoming a common threat to the public health. The extreme global spread is drawing attentions from a diversity of nations making several government sectors and society engage in costly action to prevent the pandemic. Thirdly, the threat has compromised certain areas of the public health. The less existence of effective antibiotics is jeopardizing the success of surgery operations and chemotherapy. Fourth, medical expenses for patients with resistance infections require are extremely high that is, costly (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). This has been a problem since a vast percentage of these patients are unable to cater for such expenses. Lastly, the resistance towards drugs is complicating the fight against problematic infections like HIV and malaria.

While antimicrobial resistance results because of the choice pressure that is placed on vulnerable microbes by the use therapeutic agents, a diversity of public and administrative resources and factors add to the occurrence and spread of the resistance. For instance, in most of the world's developed countries, a contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance is the over-prescriptions by doctors of antimicrobials, especially the antibiotics, even in the nonexistence of the specific signs and symptoms (Keen, & Montforts, 2012). Such low-quality medical skills from physicians are in most cases nurtured by diagnostic uncertainties, lack of the necessary knowledge concerning optimal therapies, lack of the opportunity to conduct a patient follow-up and the patient demand. In fact, such problems add up because most antimicrobial agents are readily available and can be purchased and consumed without a physician's prescriptions.

Similarly, human behavior is another aspect that does play a part in supporting antimicrobial resistance. For instance, the abnormality where many patients conduct a self-medication and fail to comply with the recommended treatments or a physician's advice. Failure to comply results when we probably forget to take our medications that are, discontinuing medication the moment we think we are starting to feel better. Inadequate dosing, unnecessary dosing, and inappropriate dosing have always characterized self-medication (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). However, in some nations, the issue of non-compliance and self-medication are exaggerated because the significant amounts of the existing antimicrobials are poorly produced, expired or sometimes counterfeit. In fact, any antimicrobial with one of these three is significantly ineffective.

Besides, a multiple of practices in some hospitals adds to the problem of antibiotic resistance. Undeniably, hospitals are exclusively the productive basis for breeding a variety of resistant microorganisms. Such arguments are valid because hospitals attend to a vast number of patients that are at sometimes close to each other, and they regularly provide medication to patients with demanding and extended antimicrobial rehabilitation. Large health institutions and medical schools do experience a multitude of problems with drug resistance microorganisms. Mostly, this is because they attend to scores of patients and those that are vulnerable to attack, especially those who possess a weak immune system (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Medical research has suggested that the transmissions of most drug-resistant microbes among individuals are airborne, either direct or indirect association and contact with an infected or contaminated environment. Typically, the failure of health workers to adhere to simple health related measures is the leading contributor to the spread of microbes within a hospital.

Medical centers have been known to rely on to two critical forms of intercession to diminish the resistance issue. One of the approaches involves establishing and implementing rigorous infection-control strategies and programs. The other method involves restraining the usage of antimicrobials as much as possible (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Strategies like patient isolation, hand washing and disinfection of equipment are hospital measures to help minimize and eliminate the resistance of microbes. Despite that, much need to be done in the field of health to prevent future spreads or transmission of bacteria.

Furthermore, another factor that is believed to contribute to the resistance problem is the usage of a diversity of antimicrobial agents in animals raised commercially for the purpose of food. Contributors argued about what impact like agricultural use could probably make to the extent of antimicrobial resistance among human pathogens (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Some argued for claiming that the problem was relatively minimal and being handled efficiently by the existing public and private programs. However, others argued for the fact that the problem was a greater risk. In fact, research in the field of science suggests that the introduction of antimicrobials in animals can lead to the development of drug resistance microorganisms that are transmitted to individuals through food products. Inducing antimicrobials in animals is always aimed at accelerating the growth process.

Likewise, another additional feature contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance is the capability of the resistance genes to move into other microbes by a diversity of genetic means. From our biological knowledge, we can deduce that one of the transmission mechanism is by plasmids. Plasmids are described as the additional chromosomal components or features that have the ability to move genes between microorganisms of immensely distinct evolutionary environments (Pommerville, 2015). Research has further identified a particular group of bacteriophages that does provide chromosomal related resistance DNA segments to a new microbial host. Similarly, naked DNA materials released from deceased microbes can be however be selected and merged into the new strains.

Moreover, another transmission mechanism is referred to as transformation. This type of arrangement is common among the pneumococci and Haemophilus spp. It is a fact that not all the microbes should possess all the three mechanisms; however, each mechanism is significant since it intensifies the resistance factor within the bacterial environment. In the so-called cell, the resistance genes have a capability to move from one DNA element to another (Pommerville, 2015). Finally, the appropriate strategies and program should be initiated to diminish this problem of antimicrobial resistance. Health institutions and physicians are advised to be keen when diagnosing patients with related infection. Such a concern for human health is an important aspect since it does improve one's life span and the living conditions.

.

Reference

Appelbaum, P. C. (1992). Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clinical infectious diseases, 15(1), 77-83.

Chen, C. Y., Yan, X., & Jackson, C. R. (Eds.). (2015). Antimicrobial resistance and food safety: methods and techniques. Elsevier.

Fong, I. W., & Drlica, K. (Eds.). (2007). Antimicrobial resistance and implications for the 21st century. Springer Science & Business Media.

Gillespie, S. H. (2001). Antibiotic resistance: methods and protocols (Vol. 48). Springer Science & Business Media.

Keen, P. L., & Montforts, M. H. M. M. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance in the environment. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Li, X.-Z., Elkins, C. A., & Zgurskaya, H. I. (2016). Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria: Mechanisms, Regulation and Clinical Implications. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Pommerville, J. C. (2015). Fundamentals of microbiology.

Sanchez-Esquivel, S., & Demain, A. L. (2015). Antibiotics: Current innovations and future trends.

Tenover, F. C. (2006). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The American journal of medicine, 119(6), S3-S10.

Vogt, D. U., & Jackson, B. A. (2001). Antimicrobial Resistance: An Emerging Public Health Issue. Nova Science Pub Incorporated.

Comments:

you've outlined a detailed and complex problem here, and I can see that you are approaching it from a scientific standpoint. there is also a nice integration of the human behaviors/actions/policies that constitute our reason for concern. I suggest that some of the detailed areas earlier in the paper can give way to a substantially more detailed solution at the end - in other words, your argument is that there is a significant problem at hand with regard to the practices related to antimicrobial resistance. the focus for your readers should probably be on how this problem and its causes are resolved or addressed. make sure the final draft is mechanically correct and free of errors

First, I did notice a few grammatical errors or somewhat odd word choices throughout, however they are mostly just small things. For instance, your third paragraph starts "While antimicrobial resistance results because of ...", I thought it felt slightly jarring to read and messes with the flow. Your thesis is identifiable and stuck right at the end of your introduction. Your introduction is good, but a little short, you may want to try fleshing it out a bit more. Your thesis is supported throughout your draft. For example, I thought that the paragraph where you explain how human behavior is a contributing factor in the increase of antimicrobrial resistance was rhetorically your strongest, explaining the potential dangers of improper self-medicating and not following a proper dosage timeline. In general, I think your draft has a very nice flow to it, I think you used transition words such as furthermore, similarly, or likewise effectively to go from one idea to the next. Your conclusion doesn't really restate your thesis or summarize your ideas. A suggestion may be to consider splitting up your last paragraph at the 'Finally' and adding a summary and thesis to have a stronger conclusion. Overall, this was a great draft with an amazing topic and I really enjoyed reading it. I think after some tidying up and making some changes you will have a very strong argument paper.