Two short essays

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RESEARCH
AND
THEORY

CHAPTER 2

*

RESEARCH

  • Means to study thoroughly through the process of scholarly or scientific inquiry.

  • Social science research studies
  • Human society
  • Relationships

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  • Formulate questions (hypotheses)

  • Seek answers (studies)
  • Quantitative
  • Count, measure
  • Qualitative
  • Verbal, written

8 STEPS IN THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Topic

Question

Conceptualization

Definitions

Method

Population

Data

Apply

1. Choosing the research topic

  • Variable:
  • Characteristic measured in a study
  • (Independent vs dependent)
  • Correlations:
  • Show relationships between variables in a study
  • IMPORTANT: CORRELATIONS DO NOT PROVE CAUSE AND EFFECT

2. Creating the research question/ THE HYPOTHESIS

  • Literature Review
  • HYPOTHESIS:
  • A speculative statement about a variable or the relationship between variables

3. Conceptualization

  • List of all the concepts (or constructs) under investigation

  • Can put abstract concepts into concrete terms

4. Using operational/empirical definitions

  • Description of the concept/construct being studied

5. Choosing the research method:
Four Common in Family Research

1. SURVEYS

  • Sample—Group of people
  • Response Rate
  • Validity

2. OBSERVATIONS

3. CASE STUDIES

4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Experimental Group Control Group

6. Population and sampling

  • Population=
  • Whole group
  • Sample=
  • Selected group out of whole group
  • Probability/random
  • Non-probability/not random
  • Representativeness
  • Sample size

7. Data: Collecting, processing, analyzing

  • Ask about sample size and representativeness
  • Response rate 50%+ adequate
  • Ask about “confounding variables”

8. Applying research findings

  • Conference
  • Journal—professional, peer reviewed
  • Inform policy development
  • Inform program development

RESEARCH ETHICS

  • Institutional Review Board (Human Subjects Committee)
  • Safety
  • Informed consent
  • Privacy/confidentiality
  • Research integrity--truth

Family Research Perspective

  • Structural Functionalism
  • Instrumental Roles
  • Expressive Roles
  • Structures-patterns of role arrangements
  • Focused on nuclear family
  • Grandfather of family theories

THEORY

  • A general principle that is used to understand or to explain events

SOME THEORIES USED IN FAMILY RESEARCH

Ecological

Family Development

Conflict

Family Systems

Symbolic Interaction

Social Exchange


1. Ecological Theory

  • Covered in Chapter 1

2. Family Development Theory

  • PHASES/STAGES
  • DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
  • On-time
  • Off-time
  • HEALTHY FAMILIES ADAPT OVER TIME


3. Conflict Theory

  • Conflict normal and predictable
  • Understand sources of conflict
  • Understand sources of power

4. Family Systems Theory

  • Is application of the General Systems Theory to families

  • Wholeness: Must look at whole family

  • Interconnections: Interactions between family members

  • Behaviors affected by others in family
  • MORE IN CHAPTER 3

5. Symbolic Interaction Theory

  • CONTINUOUS OBSERVATION AND REACTIONS TO OTHERS
  • Focus on communication
  • Verbal and non-verbal
  • MORE IN CHAPTER 3

6. Social Exchange Theory

  • Costs vs. Rewards
  • Drawn to relationships that are rewarding
  • Avoid relationships that are costly


WOMEN’S STUDIES (Feminist)

  • Marxist: Oppression of women
  • Radical: Patriarchy causes oppression and violence against women
  • Liberal: Inequality focus
  • Lesbian: Oppression of lesbians focus
  • Women of Color: Sexism, classism, racism

MEN’S STUDIES

  • Shifting view of masculinity
  • Men’s/Fathers’ Rights
  • Domestic Violence
  • War effects
  • Trauma effects

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Infancy 0-2

  • Walk
  • Talk
  • Trust: form emotional bonds

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Early Childhood 2-6

  • The Play Years
  • Learn skills
  • PHYSICAL
  • COGNITIVE
  • SOCIAL
  • EMOTIONAL

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Middle Childhood 7-12

  • The School Years
  • Friends
  • Achievement

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Adolescence 13-21

  • Identity
  • Peers

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Early Adulthood 22-34

  • Emotionally mature, adult relationships
  • Children

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Middle Adulthood 35-60

  • Actively
  • Raising children
  • Having careers

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Late Middle Age 60-74

  • Passing the torch
  • Retirement

HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
Late Adulthood 75+

  • Legacy
  • Limitations

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Pairing

  • Fusing as a couple

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Childbearing

  • Creation

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
School Age parenting

  • Nurturing

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Families with Adolescents

  • Boundary setting

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Family as Launching Ground

  • Letting go

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Middle Years

  • Reviewing
  • Reappraising

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Aging

  • Facing mortality

FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION

  • STUDY OF
  • MARRIAGE
  • FAMILY
  • INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS