FOR EXCEPTIONAL PROFF ONLY

Hist 105.18, 21, 26, 28 Spring 2017 Integrative Essay 2 Due 2/26/2017, 10pm Write a three-pages essay on the question below based on discussions in class and articles in Werrell and Femia’s The Arab Spring and Climate Change. “Consequences of climate change are stressors that can ignite a volatile mix of underlying causes that erupt into revolution.”1 “None of them individually might be cause for alarm. Taken together, however, the phenomena they describe weave a complex web of condition and interactions that help us understand the larger context for the Arab Awakening.”2 The popular uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya during spring 2011, commonly known as the “Arab Spring,” led to the overthrow of long time dictators in these nations. Standard interpretations either attribute these uprisings to the spread of democracy or increase in sectarian violence and call for the need to enhance “hard security” to deal with new threats and instability in the region. The authors in this collection of five (5) essays do not deny the importance of democratic ideals and possible new security threats, but instead added a new component in their analyses, the “stressor” of climate change as the “threat multiplier,” which, in their views, contributed to the increase in tension and instability in nations and societies in the region. To deal with the new “problems” the authors suggest a shift from “hard security” to the “more appropriate concepts of human security, livelihood protection, and sustainable development.”3 Based on the analyses provided in these articles, discuss two (2) climate change “stressors” put forth by the authors that in your view either directly or indirectly intensified (multiplied) the political, social, and/or economic problems in these countries. (Note that some of the climate change issues might not necessarily originate from within the region (Middle East and North Africa). Your essay must include: (1) identification of the “stressors,” (2) the ways in which these “stressors” have intensified or multiplied the problems, and (3) your analysis of the validity and efficacy of the arguments and evidence used. You must integrate evidence from at least three (3) of the articles in your essay. Format: Essay must be at least 3 pages, double-spaced, employ correct grammar and sentence structure, and be free of typographical errors. The essay should have one-inch margins left, right, top and bottom; make the necessary format adjustments. Use 10-12 points Times New Roman font. Your name and class should be on a separate cover page, *Use Chicago style citation and “endnotes” on a separate page at the end of the essay instead of “footnotes” at the bottom of each page. A bibliography is not needed. This is not a research paper; the only sources are all within this collection of short essays. *Save file in Microsoft WORD (.docx suffix). If you do not use WORD, you need to save your document as a pdf file. We cannot open file using odt or zip. Upload file (rchan_Essay1_18) into dropbox.

1 Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Preface,” in Caitlin E. Werrell and Francesco Femia, eds. The Arab Spring and Climate Change: A Climate and Security Correlations Series (Feb 2013), 1. 2 Ibid. 3. 3 Ibid. 4.