ITM assignment
lord mots
ch01.pptChapter 1 - Introduction
HCI: Designing Effective Organizational Systems
Dov Te’eni
Jane Carey
Ping Zhang
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
- HCI: Human Computer Interaction
- Describes the scope and approach of the book
- The context of the book is organizational work
- Designer’s goal is to achieve good fit among the user, task, and technology
- Two organizing themes: multi-layer description of HCI and analysis of the cognitive and affective resources needed for user activities
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
- HCI –is the set of processes and resources that users employ to interact with computers
- Building the human computer interface requires 50-70% of systems development effort
- To users, the interface is the system
- A study by Nielsen (2003) indicates that if corporations spend 10% of their development budget on usability, they can improve usability by 135%
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Importance of HCI
- Another study found that 51% of major websites violate the most basic design guidelines.
- These studies and more demonstrate that there is a need for a more systematic treatment of HCI in the development process and more HCI experts are needed.
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
When HCI fails, the system fails
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Importance of HCI
- Organizations of HCI are growing rapidly
- There are more new journals dedicated to HCI than any other information systems sub-discipline
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What constitutes a good user interface?
- A good user interface:
- Achieves required performance by operator, control, and maintenance personnel
- Minimizes skill and personnel requirements and training time
- Achieve required reliability of person-computer combinations (reliability, availability, security, and data integrity)
- Fosters design standardization within and among systems (integration, consistency, portability)
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What constitutes a good user interface?
- Common measurable goals for usability
- Time to learn how to operate the system
- Speed of performance
- Error rate
- User’s retention time of information presented
- User’s satisfaction with the system
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How to achieve these goals?
- Achievement of these goals is no easy task
- Some goals may be conflicting (speed of performance and error rates).
- What about emotions and the overall experience of interacting with computers?
- Look at the 2 web sites on the following slides.
- They present similar functionality but have different designs.
- Assuming they are equally functional (easy to navigate and find products), which do you prefer? Why?
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Site 1 has more text and less graphics
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Site 2 is more graphic with less text
Which is more important in this context?
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interdisciplinary nature and scope of HCI
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizing theme One: Multi-layer model of HCI
- Fit: the match between the computer design and the user and task so as to minimize the user’s human resources needed to accomplish the task
Figure 1.4 The Fit of HCI Components leads to Performance
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multi-layer model of HCI
Figure 1.6 A Multi-layer model of HCI
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multi-layer model of HCI (TSSL)
- The task level pertains to the information requirements that have to be met.
- The semantic level pertains to the set of objects and operations through which the computer becomes meaningful to the user.
- The syntactic level dictates the rules of combining the semantic objects and operations into correct instructions.
- The lexical level describes the way specific computer devices are used to implement the syntactic level, e.g., move a mouse pointer to the document label and click twice to open it.
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizing theme two: Human Resources in HCI and their impact
- Figure 1.7 The Relationship between User Activity and HCI supported resources
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Context
- The general context of HIC in this book is organizational work.
- For building an application, the context must be refined further at the specific task level.
- Summary
- Our design philosophy is to develop the technology so as to achieve a good fit between the user, the task, and the technology, within a given context.
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Methodology for HCI Development
- The methodology revolves around a systems development life cycle that includes 4 phases: planning, analysis, design, and implementation/operation.
- Each phase focuses on 4 human concerns of HCI: Physical, cognitive, affective, and usefulness.
- Evaluation is also key and includes both formative (intermediary) and summative evaluation.
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4 phases of HCI development methodology
- The planning phase determines the organizational information needs.
- Analysis involves several unique HCI techniques. We believe that HCI considerations should start in the analysis stage to uncover user needs and opportunities. Three major analyses are conducted: context, user, and task analyses.
- The design phase specifies the user interface on the basis of the analysis according to HCI principles and guidelines and tested against the evaluation metrics.
- Finally, the implementation stage makes the target system a reality.
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The HCI Methodology
The structure of the book – road map
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Software
Engineering
Cognitive
Psychology
Organizational
Psychology
Sociology
Communications
Art
Theatre
Human
Factors
Computer
Engineering
Social
Psychology
Cognitive
Science
Management
Philosophy
Affective
Computing
Physical capabilities Methodology
Hardware
Aesthetics
Intelligent interfaces
Drama
User modeling
Dialog Collaboration
Cost
-
benefit
Software
Engineering
Cognitive
Psychology
Organizational
Psychology
Sociology
Communications
Art
Theatre
Human
Factors
Computer
Engineering
Social
Psychology
Cognitive
Science
Management
Philosophy
Affective
Computing
Physical capabilities Methodology
Hardware
Aesthetics
Intelligent interfaces
Drama
User modeling
Dialog Collaboration
Cost
-
benefit
Task
Analysis
User
Analysis
Evaluation
Metrics
Context
Analysis
Dialogue Design
Metaphor Design
Analysis
Design
HCI Principles & Guidelines
Implementation
Formative
Evaluation
Summative
Evaluation
Coding
User Needs Test
Requirements
Determination
Project Selection
Project Planning
Project Selection
& Planning
Alternative Selection
Media Design
Presentation Design
Formative
Evaluation
Formative
Evaluation
Interface Specification
Human Concerns:
Physical
Cognitive
Affective
Usefulness
User Activity
=
{
Physical resources
Cognitive resources
Affective resources
User Activity
=
{
Physical resources
Cognitive resources
Affective resources
6
Affective
Engineering
9
Organizational
Tasks
4
Physical
Engineering
7
Evaluation
8
Principles &
Guidelines
11
Methodology
12
Relationship, Collaboration
& Organization
10
Componential
Design
3
Interactive
Technologies
5
Cognitive
Engineering
Context
Foundation
Application
Additional Context
1
Introduction
2
Org &
Business
Context
13
Social &
Global Issues
14
Changing Needs of IT
Development & Use
6
Affective
Engineering
9
Organizational
Tasks
4
Physical
Engineering
7
Evaluation
8
Principles &
Guidelines
11
Methodology
12
Relationship, Collaboration
& Organization
10
Componential
Design
3
Interactive
Technologies
5
Cognitive
Engineering
Context
Foundation
Application
Additional Context
1
Introduction
2
Org &
Business
Context
13
Social &
Global Issues
14
Changing Needs of IT
Development & Use
