STAT task
Name: Project 3: THE COLLINS CASE In the law case People v. Collins, a black man and a white woman were charged with robbery. The facts as described in court were as follows: On June 18, 1964, about 11:30 A.M. Mrs. Juanita Brooks, who had been shopping, was walking home along an alley in the San Pedro area of the City of Los Angeles. She was pulling behind her a wicker basket carryall containing groceries and had her purse on top of the packages. She was using a cane. As she stooped down to pick up an empty carton, she was suddenly pushed to the ground by a person whom she neither saw nor heard approach. She was stunned by the fall and felt some pain. She managed to look up and saw a young woman running from the scene. According to Mrs. Brooks the latter appeared to weigh about 145 pounds, was wearing "something dark," and had hair "between a dark blond and a light blond," but lighter than the color of defendant Janet Collins' hair as it appeared at trial. Immediately after the incident, Mrs. Brooks discovered that her purse, containing between $35 and $40, was missing. About the same time as the robbery, John Bass, who lived on the street at the end of the alley, was in front of his house watering his lawn. His attention was attracted by "a lot of crying and screaming" coming from the alley. As he looked in that direction, he saw a woman run out of the alley and enter a yellow automobile parked across the street from him. He was unable to give the make of the car. The car started off immediately and pulled wide around another parked vehicle so that in the narrow street it passed within six feet of Bass. The latter then saw that it was being driven by a male Negro, wearing a mustache and beard. At the trial Bass identified defendant as the driver of the yellow automobile. However, an attempt was made to impeach his identification by his admission that at the preliminary hearing he testified to an uncertain identification at the police lineup shortly after the attack on Mrs. Brooks, when defendant was beardless. In his testimony Bass described the woman who ran from the alley as a Caucasian; slightly over five feet tall, of ordinary build, with her hair in a dark blond ponytail, and wearing dark clothing. He further testified that her ponytail was "just like" one which Janet had in a police photograph taken on June 22, 1964. The prosecution assumed the following chances:
P(yellow car) = 1/10 P(woman and blond hair) = 1/3 P(man and mustache) = ¼ P(black man and beard) = 1/10 P(woman and ponytail) = 1/10 P(interracial couple in car) = 1/1000
W. Fairley and F. Mosteller, “A conversation about Collins,” University of Chicago Law Review (1974) as quoted in Freedman, Pisani and Purves “Statistics” 3rd edition, W.W. Norton and Co. (1998).
These probabilities were multiplied to show that the probability “that any other couple possessed the distinctive characteristics of the defendants” was 1/12,000,000. The jury convicted.
Suppose you are called as a witness for the defense. The following prompts are concerned with probabilities related to the prosecution’s probability claims. 1. Using modern resources to estimate probabilities for events in the relevant sample space (time and place),
we find: P(white) = 0.41 P(black) = 0.1
P(beard) = 0.05 P(mustache) = 0.08
P(female) = 0.5
a. Notice that P(man and mustache) = ¼ given by the prosecution is much larger than the P(mustache) = 0.08
given here. Assume ‘man with mustache’ means ‘man and mustache’. Given that the events ‘man with mustache’ and ‘mustache’ are slightly different and assuming they describe the same population, could both probabilities be correct? Answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ and explain.
b. Does the larger probability [P(man with mustache) = ¼ vs. P(mustache) = 0.08] given by the prosecution
strengthen or weaken their case? Explain. c. Given the probabilities P(beard) = 0.05, and P(mustache) = 0.08 what is the largest possible value of P(beard
and mustache)? Explain.
d. Explain why P(black) is not equal to 1 – P(white).
e. If we assume that a person self‐designates to a single race category, what’s the probability that a person is black or white? Justify your work.
2. Consider the following events relevant to the prosecutions probabilities: yellow car man woman blond beard ponytail black white mustache interracial couple
a. Identify two events that are likely to be independent. Explain.
b. Identify at least one pair from these events that are likely to be dependent. Explain.
c. Are any of these events mutually exclusive? If so, which? 3. “These probabilities were multiplied to show that the probability “that any other couple possessed the
distinctive characteristics of the defendants” was 1/12,000,000.”
a. Assuming the initial probabilities given by the prosecution were correct, explain what is wrong with this final probability.
b. Would the actual probability “that any other couple possessed the distinctive characteristics of the defendants” be greater than or less than 1/12,000,000? Explain.
4. Briefly describe the arguments you would make about as a witness for the defense regarding the
probabilities presented by the prosecution.