1. Describing the general behaviors associated with bipolar disorder (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institute of Health, 2009)
a) Types of bipolar disorders
i) Bipolar I (BD-I)
(1) Manic episodes lasting for a minimum of a week /No Depression for two or more weeks.
(2) Usually requiring hospitalization /Major changes in ordinary behavior
ii) Bipolar II (BD-II)
(1) No manic or mixed episodes
(2) Depression
(a) Hypomanic
` iii) Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (BP-NOS)
(1) Does not meet criteria but presents symptoms of bipolar disorder
(a) Not enough symptoms
(i) Symptoms not lasting long enough
(2) Applies to both stages I and II
iv) Cyclothymic Disorder or Cyclothymic
I. Mild type
II. Swings from depression over a span of 2 years
III. Symptoms do not meet those of bipolar disorders of other types
2. Explain how biological influences play a role
a) Through genetics
b) In the event of a disturbance in the balance of specific neurotransmitters
3. Are there biological reasons why an individual may show behaviors related to bipolar disorder
a) Family and genetic background
i) It is created by numerous genes, as well as in more than one family member.
I. History: A family history whose members possess a behavior that is abnormal or the history has a certain type of substance abuse, or has higher chances of showing symptoms of bipolar disorder
II. Children born of bipolar parents tend to grow up and show symptoms of the condition, while families without any history don't tend to show the symptoms of the disorder.
ii) Psychotic behaviors or substance abuse disorders are more likely to exhibit the possibility of bipolar disorder.
4. Describe how changing states of consciousness concerning sleep, meditation, or psychoactive drugs and hypnosis affect people with bipolar disorder.
a) Medication is the basis of bipolar disorder treatment; therapy and self-help strategies are a crucial part of life as well. One can help control their symptoms by exercising, making sure they sleep enough, eating healthy, having others check on them to maintain a good attitude and have a support group.
b) Bipolar disorder requires long-term medication
i) There is more to treatment than medication
ii) It is ideal to work with a qualified therapist.
5. Describe how bipolar disorder can affect memory
a) Brain disorder, not behavioral disorder
i) Brain controls memory
` ii) Ability to store information is affected.
b) Side effects of the medication
c) Manic Phase
d) Psychotic Phase
e) Depressive Phase
6. Briefly describe the biological influences on the memory of a bipolar individual.
a) Runs in the genes
b) Causes an imbalance in the neurotransmitters
7. Are memory distortions commonly associated with the disorder?
a) Not an excuse
b) Mood swings
c) People can be dangerous
8. Select two personality theories and compare them, describing their application to the disorder.
a) Genetic/Hereditary
i) Affects immediate family members with the Bipolar disorder.
ii) Imbalance of dopamine and serotonin
iii) Increase in the levels of these chemicals in the brain having direct correlation
b) Environment Factors
i) Stressful Environments
ii) Initial factor that contributes to Bipolar
iii) Past Experiences
iv) Social Life
c) Contrast
i) Environmental factors and genetic influences correlate directly in bipolar people
ii) Even without environmental factors, the genetic makeup will still appear.
9. Evaluate the effectiveness of at least two therapies used to treat the disorder.
a) No Cure
b) Medication
i) Mood Stabilizer
ii) Antipsychotic
iii) Antidepressant
c) Supportive Psychotherapy
i) Hospitalization
ii) Counseling
d) Best Outcomes
i) Correct Diagnosis
ii) Effective treatment
iii) Healthy lifestyle
iv) Supportive physician
Annotated Bibliography
Tremblay, Carol Horton. "Workplace accommodations and job success for persons with bipolar - disorder." Work 40.4 (2011): 479-487.
This article by Dr. Carol Temblay focuses on helping the corporate world and the business environment to learn how to be more accommodating to the employees who suffer from bipolar disorder. The article points out that for bipolar employees to be successful, there are specific business environments they have to be put into, because these environments are conducive for their situation. The study only used 39 respondents for its research thus the recommendations provided by the author may not specifically apply to all bipolar employees.
In the research, the policies and job characteristics of different workplaces were observed and the most conducive ones for bipolar employees were identified. These were used to assess the interaction between the leaders at the workplace and the bipolar employees. The participants of the research were 39 in number, all of whom had been clinically diagnosed with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorders. The respondents proceeded to complete questionnaires about the characteristics of the workplace that would guarantee a better performance at their workplace. The results of the research showed that job characteristics like autonomy, flexibility of work schedules, and supervisor willingness would better accommodation of bipolar employees in the workplace.
Neves, Maila de C., et al. "Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.1 (2016): 1-5.
The authors hypothesized that about 50% of all patients suffering from bipolar disorder suffer psychotic features at least once in the course of their disorder. Studies conducted have shown lots of differences in their prefrontal and mesolimbic regions activity, which is related to deviant salience especially for patients who suffer psychosis. The study aimed to investigate the structural correlates of euthymic patients with Bipolar I that have suffered hallucinations and psychoses before.
The study was participated by 21 patients where Voxel based morphometric (VBM) was the method used to compare the patients. The DARTEL algorithm for VBM was used for pre-processing. The results showed that there was a reduction in the volume of gray matter in the right posterior insular cortex of patients with BD-I. This means that the patients are likely to suffer more hallucinations and psychoses in the course of their lives. This result is aligned with the abnormalities in the salience network in bipolar patients.
Lejeune, Simon MW. "Special considerations in the treatment of college students with bipolar disorder." Journal of American College Health 59.7 (2011): 666-669.
This article is purposed tor the psychology practitioners in schools and colleges, including college advisors to take care of students who suffer the bipolar disorder. The article hypothesizes that there are treatments that can be used to help bipolar students to not only adapt to life on their lonesome, but also help the students to deal with the challenges of the disorder they suffer from on a daily basis. The recommendations of this article are, however, limited by the fact that the research is based on the adult-onset of the bipolar disorder, and thus do not to all affected students.
In the article, bipolar disorder is described as a mental disorder that has its adult onset during the years that most students are in college. During this period of an individual’s life, the challenges of the late stages of adolescence and puberty combine with the challenges associated with getting used to being a patient of a major mental disorder. To further complicate the situation, the social environment in college is non-conducive for the lifestyle changes that guarantee the stability of the lives of bipolar sufferers. Treating the disorder grants the students an opportunity to establish an alliance, educate themselves about the changes their lives are going to take, help to adapt to the disorder, using the medication carefully to reduce the chances of developing side effects, and leaving without the fear of relapse. The culture of learning and discovering one’s self can be employed in the college setting by the bipolar student and the health care provider to add to the benefits of treatment.
Brietzke, Elisa, et al. "Challenges and developments in research of the early stages of bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.4 (2016): 329-337.
In this article, the authors sought to comprehensively review the literature that already exists about the early stages of bipolar disorder, so as to explore the neurobiology of these stages. The research also seeks to explore the inferences from research and mental care. The articles searched and retrieved were exposed to different research methods to examine the articles retrieved. Some of the approaches employed included studying offsprings, conducting retrospective and prospective studies of populations that are considered as high-risk, and exploring the progress in a patient after they have experienced their first manic episode.
Using neuro-imaging, cognition evaluation, and biomarkers as investigative approaches helps to provide evidence of alterations in the neural substrate during the at-risk stage. The article recommended that research on the disorder should be broadened to include states that are at risk and those that are in line with the recent methodological advancements in neuroscience. This is because, taking the necessary steps early enough could play a very vital role in preventing the progression of the disorder. The research was however limited by the current use of disparate criteria. This limitation made it very difficult to carry out of comparisons of the findings obtained during the studies conducted, and to make generalizations to other locations or to the practice. Further, it becomes challenging to predict results, calling for the need to analyze large volumes of bio data using big-data bioinformatics platforms. Awareness has to be risen to encourage professional to employ timely and accurate diagnosis methodologies for bipolar disorder to allow the recognition of the putative prodromes of BD as early as possible and to antidepressant and stimulant treatments for at-risk individuals.
Works Cited
Tremblay, Carol Horton. "Workplace accommodations and job success for persons with bipolar - disorder." Work 40.4 (2011): 479-487.
Neves, Maila de C., et al. "Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.1 (2016): 1-5.
Lejeune, Simon MW. "Special considerations in the treatment of college students with bipolar disorder." Journal of American College Health 59.7 (2011): 666-669.
Brietzke, Elisa, et al. "Challenges and developments in research of the early stages of bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.4 (2016): 329-337.
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