write a discussion (Tu)

cepts and examine how they can be addressed in intergroup rela- bons programs. While exploring these concepts/ we discuss sociai-

and we provide approaches to d Figure 2.1 shows the interre

and djsCH 川山 ation ， Stereo ぬ @ 'ause of prejudice, but prejii- diCealsoC 「 eateSSte 「 eotYpeS.PFe す ud テ Ceand5tepe 「 mga 「 ema 了 O 「 causes of discriminatory behavic &, intergroup relations can be improved by creating conditions for positive contact and reducing prejudice, stereotyping/ and di; lation. We address contact first

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i iw tistt-i iMltKUKHL'P RELATIONS

ntact theory in zveaF ノ p て Oa 之 L フ

the role of contact in intergroup relatif 6

れ， p ｡ All W 、 (G

甲， 餌 ぬ 。 価

n ぽ eSSa@a@v Cond@t 甘 ons ぬ eq-ua1-stahts interactions, the pursuit of common goals, support by

,yuunun ・ interests and humanity. authority figures, and a 碑 eo れ haVe ぬ dl irge number of additional features that affect 山 。 OufC け口 e5ofcQma 釘 ( 土 。 ヱ peviews ， 5ee Re 田 w ， 1971 ， ]986; え餓 8;w 。 G ， 慾呼ぬ n ， Fg ;;. Stephan & Stephan/1996). In fact/ the お故 o 王 Su 絃が OE h る S 堺 機 幻 坤 0 血 tlthasb@eC てシ me necessaF へ Lto r 慈 COnceprua@@zemeong ミ HdC taCt ぬ @

A Re め兜

Fou 「 Ca を e ぎ O e5 O 「ど aCto ア 5a taCt:SoCletaIfaCto 「 S ， 別 互ぴ aFon 山 factors (W, G. Stephan Sc, Stephan, 1996). In this approach^ societal 下 aC 十 O 了 5 a 丁 e 之石 o 口 ght to f 工 u Cep SO 了 lfa Or5 dSI atlon 良上 faC- tors, which in" turn inf て Ii dualCo8 爪 jt テ QnSan てテ 包廿支 eCt ， a ぬ d these mediating factors tnen influence the outcomes of contact (see Figu て e2 ， ユ 7

The societal factors that impact contact include the structure of the SO づ e ， jnpa ， 山 hich it is organized into hierar- chies based on power, r< religion, and the historical rela"

s involved in the contact situation. They also

818

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SltUatlo 口 al Factors

Societal Mediating C 次な Omes Of Factors ; み Cto イ S Contact

ダ 8 く 50 口 Factors ―

F;gu てそ 2 ， 2 ， A CausaIN@ ひパ e@o 十 theCo れ @ 口と at:tFI 卜 pot 卜 esls

encompass the current relations among the groups, as well as the cul ﾂ tural backgrounds of the individuals in the contact situations. The situ- ational factors include the setting in which the contact occurs/ the nature of the interaction, and the type of tasks the participants per ﾂ form. The person factors refer to the demographic characteristics of the individuals, their personality trails, and the attitudes and beliefs they bring to the contact situation- The impact of these factors is filtered 廿れダめぴ 8 ナ 下 十十 下ほぐ o テ ti へア ean て Ien@: 寸り Lto れ alrespon5esofthtel 了丁 d ぇ v@dualL フ aI- tlc@pa て下 ts.4 ・ L 丁 eSeresp くフ nsesafereferre てナ toasmledfL 刀 fingfaCtorSE ン eCause they 之 e アノ Qr て ebetweeneL イ entstL て atocc 十ユ rbe 十 ororean く二て lu 『 i く lL 二 tf へ eCo くン イ 下 - ヰ a aBdt た下な O 十 ltCo eSof eC くフ nLaCt ， SO eoFt 士 寸 e5oCleta4 ， Sl 十 l 入 at 丁 てフ 了 へ al ， andpe ア 5Ona ゑ fcaC た CO 「 S 「 elevanttotheoutCo 田ヒ SO 牙 ， mtergroupContaCta ア e llSted lnTable2 ， 丈 ・

So 川 etheon5tSarguetha と @n た erg ダ OupCo れ十 aCtha55e7uenhaleffeC を 5 that unfold over time: It first leads to liking for the individuals in- volved in the contact, creating interpersonal liking (Hewstone, 1996; Htiwstonti iSc Brown, 1986; Pettigrew, 1998), This process often involves decategorization or personalization, thinking of people as individu- als rather than as members of a group. Next, contact generalizes to the group, creating intergroup liking in situations in which the group identity is salient. Contact can ultimately lead to the perception that individuals are part of an overarching group. This superordinate groitp perception results m deemphasized group differences. We -will discuss techniques that promote recategorization and creating super- 0rdinate groups later in the chapter.

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