Given that this is course is taught exclusively on line, you need to read and understand material that is presented. Please read Chapters 13 and 14 as indicated on the syllabus and then submit the five most important items found in each chapter. Large e

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chapter_14_-_outlines.ppt
Home>English homework help>Given that this is course is taught exclusively on line, you need to read and understand material that is presented. Please read Chapters 13 and 14 as indicated on the syllabus and then submit the five most important items found in each chapter. Large e

Outlining

Sections 14.1-2
The Fun of Outlining
and
Why Outlining?

The Fun of Outlining

  • The more fully you can come to understand the outline as both rule-bound and creative, the more fully you will experience its usefulness and its power to deliver your message in a unified, coherent way.
  • If you omit a step in reasoning, your speech will be vulnerable to lapses in logic, lapses in the evidence you need to make your case, and the risk of becoming a disjointed, disorienting message.
  • In a speech, you must be attentive to reasoning in logical steps so that your audience understands the meaning you intend to convey.

Why Outline?

Background

  • In order for your speech to be as effective as possible, it needs to be organized into logical patterns.
  • Information will need to be presented in a way your audience can understand.

Why Standard Outlines

  • You can make decisions about your main points more clearly.
  • You can more easily examine the specific information you will use to support those points.
  • You can analyze the language you will use within the speech.

What happens if you don’t use an outline?

  • You’ll lose logical integrity (a characteristic of reasoning in which each claim is carefully supported by an orderly sequence of the right kind of evidence and by the right amount of evidence).
  • Your speech might become a list of bullet points with no apparent connection to each other except the topic.
  • Your audience won’t be able to follow your logical progression in the speech itself, which will hurt your attempts to inform, persuade, or entertain.

Reasons for
Strong Outlines

  • Tests scope of content - a comparison of each main point to the thesis statement.
  • If you find a poor match, you will know you’ve wandered outside the scope of the thesis.
  • When you write in outline form, it is much easier to test the scope of your content because you can visually locate specific information easily and then check it against your thesis statement.

Tests Logical Relation of Parts

  • Often the main points of a speech can be arranged into a logical pattern.

Common Organizational Patterns

  • A chronological pattern arranges main ideas in the order events occur.
  • A cause-and-effect pattern calls on you to describe a specific situation and explain what the effect is.
  • A biographical pattern is usually chronological. In describing the events of an individual’s life, you will want to choose the three most significant events.
  • A comparison-contrast pattern appears to dictate just two main points, but you can easily create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted.

Tests Relevance of Supporting Ideas

  • When you create an outline, you can clearly see that you need supporting evidence for each of your main points.
  • Expert Opinion
  • Your sources should come from experts in relevant fields.
  • The evidence might even be expert opinion but not the opinions of ordinary people.
  • Expert opinion will provide stronger support for your point.
  • When creating your outline, list the sources of your information clearly.
  • From the beginning of the supporting point, you need to fully cite your source so your audience can assess its importance.

Test the Balance and Proportion of the Speech

  • Part of the value of writing an outline is the visual space you use for each of your main points.
  • Is each main point of approximately the same importance?
  • Does each main point have the same number of supporting points?
  • If you find that one of your main points has eight supporting points while the others only have three each, you can either:
  • Choose the best three from the eight supporting points.
  • Strengthen the authoritative support for your other two main points.

Serves as Notes
During the Speech

  • Although we recommend writing a full-sentence outline during the speech preparation phase, you should also create a shortened outline that you can use as notes allowing for a strong delivery.
  • If you were to use the full-sentence outline when delivering your speech, you would do a great deal of reading, which would limit your ability to give eye contact and use gestures, hurting your connection with your audience.

The Five Card Method

  • Your first 4 x 6 notecard can contain your thesis statement and other key words and phrases that will help you present your introduction.
  • Your second card can contain your first main point, together with key words and phrases to act as a map to follow as you present.
  • Your third card can contain your second main point, together with key words and phrases to act as a map to follow as you present.
  • Your fourth card can contain your third main point, together with key words and phrases to act as a map to follow as you present.
  • Your final card should contain your review of the main points, a restatement of your thesis, and your concluding device.

Section 14.3
Types of Outlines

Working Outline

What is a
Working Outline?

  • An outline you use for developing your speech.
  • A working outline undergoes many changes on its way to completion.
  • This is the outline where you lay out the basic structure of your speech.

Should Contain Your
Basic Structure

  • You must have a general and specific purpose.
  • An introduction, including a grabber; and a concrete, specific thesis statement and preview.
  • Each of your three main body sections.
  • Include working transitions between each of your five main areas.
  • A conclusion including a restatement of your main points, a restatement of your thesis, and a concluding device.

The working outline shouldn’t be thought of a “rough copy,” but as a careful step in the development of your message.

See the textbook for a sample of a working outline.

Full-Sentence Outline

  • Your full-sentence outline should contain full sentences only.

Why Sentence Outlines are Important

  • You have a full plan of everything you intend to say to your audience, so that you will not have to struggle with wordings or examples.
  • You have a clear idea of how much time it will take to present your speech.
  • It contributes a fundamental ingredient of good preparation, part of your ethical responsibility to your audience.

See the textbook for a sample of a full-sentence outline.

Why Labeling Main Parts is Important in a Sentence Outline

  • As you develop your message, you will sometimes find it necessary to go back and look at your wording in another part of the outline. The labels make this easier.
  • The labels work as a checklist so that you can make sure you’ve included everything you intended to.
  • It helps you prepare your speaking outline.

References and a
Sentence Outline

  • You’ll also notice the full references at the end of the outline.
  • The references should match the citations within the outline.

Speaking Outline

  • Speaking outline: A pared down version of the sentence outline that consists primarily of key words and phrases to help a speaker remember the full content of the sentence outline.
  • If you have your full-sentence outline with you, you will end up reading, rather than speaking, to your audience.
  • Again, we recommend the five card method discussed earlier.

Why Use Notecards?

  • The presence of your full-sentence outline will make it appear that you don’t know the content of your speech.
  • The temptation to read the speech directly from the full-sentence outline is nearly overwhelming.
  • Sheets of paper are noisier and more awkward than cards.
  • It’s easier to lose your place using the full outline.
  • Cards just look better. This is also the type of information that should appear on your Power Point.

Tips for Preparing and Using Notecards

  • Limit yourself to five notecards.
  • You should number your cards and write on one side only.
  • Make sure you clearly number your notecards – very helpful if they get dropped.
  • Each card should contain key words and key phrases but not full sentences.

Tips for Preparing and Using Notecards cont.

  • Add cards as necessary only if you have a lengthy direct quotation that is important for your speech.
  • Practice using your notecards to become comfortable delivering your speech from the cards.
  • You may want to include notes about presentation aids on your cards to remember to use a presentation aid in a specific part of your speech.

See the textbook for a sample of a speaking outline using five notecards.

Section 14.4
Using Outlining for Success

Five Principles for a
Logical Outline

Singularity

  • Each part of an outline should express one idea and one idea only.
  • Make sure your thesis statement expresses one idea only.
  • Each main point should express one clear idea.
  • If many different ideas are required to build a complete message, you can handle them in separate sentences with the use of such transitions as, “at the same time,” “alternately,” “in response to that event,” or some other transition that clarifies the relationship between two separate ideas.

Consistency

  • Beyond the grammatical requirements of subject-verb agreement, you will want to maintain a consistent approach.
  • Unless your speech has a chronological structure that begins in the past and ends in the future, you should choose a tense, past or present, to use throughout the speech.
  • You should choose language and use it consistently throughout the speech. If an idea or concept goes by multiple names, choose one of them and stick with that name to avoid confusing your audience.
  • Define your terms and use those terms only to designate the meanings in your definition.

Adequacy

  • Definitions of Terms
  • You should use concrete language as much as you can.
  • You should define any key terms in your speech to ensure everyone understands what you mean by those key terms.
  • You may not find any definition of a key term that conveys your meaning. Therefore, you will need to define for your audience what you mean in your speech by that key term.

Adequacy cont.

  • Support for Your Main Points
  • Evidence of the right kind and the right weight are needed.
  • If you make a substantial claim, you need expert sources.
  • This means you need at least two well-known experts from the institutions that provide news (newspapers, television news, or news radio).
  • They should be credible sources, not with extreme views whose contact with reality is questioned.

Uniformity

  • A full-sentence outline readily shows whether you are giving “equal time” to each of your three main points.
  • A full-sentence outline shows whether each main point is directly related to the thesis statement.

Parallelism

  • The idea that the three main points follow the same structure or make use of the same kind of language.
  • Parallelism also allows you to check for inconsistencies and self-contradictory statements.