Given that this is course is taught exclusively on line, you need to read and understand material that is presented. Please read Chapters 11 & 12 as indicated on the syllabus and then submit the five most important items found in each chapter. Large ess

chapter_12_-_creating_the_body.ppt

Home >English homework help >Given that this is course is taught exclusively on line, you need to read and understand material that is presented. Please read Chapters 11 & 12 as indicated on the syllabus and then submit the five most important items found in each chapter. Large ess

Creating the Body of a Speech

Section 12.1
Determining Your Main Ideas

Specific Purpose

Expressed as a prepositional phrase that narrows and summarizes the topic.
Three Common Specific Purposes
To Persuade
To Inform
To Entertain

From Specific Purpose to Main Points

Main points are the key ideas you present in your speech.
Usually, the fewer main points, the better the audience can remember them.
Typically, for a six-minute speech, three main points is enough.
With a few main points, you can enrich each one with examples, statistics, and other forms of support.

Narrowing the Number of Main Points

Take time to brainstorm and develop a list of points.
Try to think of as many points as you can without judging how important or valuable they are.
Decide what information your audience needs to know to understand your topic.
You must narrow down to just two or three.
Many of your points will be closely related to each other and can be chunked together to make main points.
Chunking involves taking small chunks of information and putting them together to create more fully developed chunks of information.
Some of the items on your brainstormed list could be left out of your speech while others are developed more fully.

Considerations for Preparing Your Main Points

Your main points must fit together and support your specific purpose; extraneous information that does not contribute to that purpose should be left out.

You should organize your main points to reduce overlap and to make each main point distinct and separate from the others.

Balancing your main points means developing each point equally; they should end up being about the same length and having the same depth of detail.

Parallel Structure

Each main point should be a declarative statement.
Each main point should share things in common, such as definitions, examples, or explanations.
A logical flow of main points can keep your audience from being confused.
Your sequence of main points should make sense.

Section 12.2
Using Common Organizing Patterns

Common Organizational Patterns

Categorical/Topical

Speech format in which a speaker organizes the information into categories, which helps an audience understand a single topic.

Categorical/Topical Example

Specific Purpose	To inform a group of college students about the uses and misuses of Internet dating
Main Points	I. Define and describe Internet dating.
II. Explain some strategies to enhance your Internet dating experience.
III. List some warning signs to look for in potential online dates.

Comparison/Contrast

Speech format in which a speaker selects two objects or ideas and demonstrates how they are similar and/or how they are different.

Comparison/Contrast Example

Specific Purpose	To inform a group of physicians about Drug X, a newer drug with similar applications to Drug Y
Main Points	I. Explain the basic purpose and use of both Drug X and Drug Y.
II. Show how Drug X and Drug Y are similar.
III. Show how Drug X and Drug Y differ.

Spatial

Speech format in which a speaker organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space.

Spatial Example

Specific Purpose	To inform a group of history students about the states that seceded from the United States during the Civil War
Main Points	I. Locate and describe the Confederate states just below the Mason-Dixon Line (Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee).
II. Locate and describe the Confederate states in the deep South (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida).
III. Locate and describe the western Confederate states (Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas).

Chronological

Speech format in which a speaker presents information in the order in which it occurred in time—whether backward or forward.

Chronological Example

Specific Purpose	To inform my audience about the books written by Winston Churchill
Main Points	I. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill’s writings prior to World War II.
II. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill’s writings during World War II.
III. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill’s writings after World War II.

Biographical

Speech format generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person’s life.

Biographical Example

Specific Purpose	To inform my audience about the early life of Marilyn Manson
Main Points	I. Describe Brian Hugh Warner’s early life and the beginning of his feud with Christianity.
II. Describe Warner’s stint as a music journalist in Florida.
III. Describe Warner’s decision to create Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids.

Causal

Speech format that is built upon two main points: cause and effect.

Causal Example

Specific Purpose	To inform my audience about the problems associated with drinking among members of Native American tribal groups
Main Points	I. Explain the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans.
II. Explain the effects that abusive alcohol has on Native Americans and how this differs from other populations.

Problem–Cause–Solution

Speech format in which a speaker discusses what a problem is, what the speaker believes is causing the problem, and then what the solution should be to correct the problem.

Problem-Cause-Solution Example

Specific Purpose	To persuade a civic group to support a citywide curfew for individuals under the age of eighteen
Main Points	I. Demonstrate that vandalism and violence among youth is having a negative effect on our community.
II. Show how vandalism and violence among youth go up after 10:00 p.m. in our community.
III. Explain how instituting a mandatory curfew at 10:00 p.m. would reduce vandalism and violence within our community.

Psychological

Speech format built on basic logic in which “a” leads to “b” and “b” leads to “c.”

Psychological Example

Specific Purpose	To persuade a group of nurses to use humor in healing the person
Main Points	I. How laughing affects the body
II. How the bodily effects can help healing
III. Strategies for using humor in healing

Selecting an
Organizational Pattern

Not all organizational patterns work for all speeches.
Some patterns are well suited for persuasive speaking (e.g., comparison/contrast, problem-cause-solution, and psychological).
You can also combine two patterns within the same speech.

Section 12.3
Keeping Your Speech Moving

Transition

A phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech.
A transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point.

Transition Examples

Now that we’ve seen the problems caused by lack of adolescent curfew laws, let’s examine how curfew laws could benefit our community.
Thus far we’ve examined the history and prevalence of alcohol abuse among Native Americans, but it is the impact that this abuse has on the health of Native Americans that is of the greatest concern.
Now that we’ve thoroughly examined how these two medications are similar to one another, we can consider the many clear differences between the two medications.
Although he was one of the most prolific writers in Great Britain prior to World War II, Winston Churchill continued to publish during the war years as well.

Transition Words
(See table in the book)

Internal Previews

A phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech.
The speaker highlights what he or she is going to discuss within a specific main point during a speech.
When a speaker clearly informs an audience what he/she is going to be talking about in a clear and organized manner, the audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the message.

Internal Preview Examples

To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community.
Now that we’ve explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let’s explore the importance of recycling for our community (transition). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community (internal preview).

Internal Summaries

A portion of a speech delivered at the end of a main point to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech.
Internal summaries are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated.

Internal Summaries Examples

To sum up, school bullying is a definite problem. Bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook.
\Therefore, schools need to implement campus-wide, comprehensive anti-bullying programs (transition).

Signposts

Signposts are guide words or phrases that a speaker gives his or her audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech.

Signposts at the Beginning

We use signposts at the beginning of a piece of information to help our audience members keep up with what we’re discussing.
Examples
The first function of credibility is competence.
The second function of credibility is trustworthiness.
The third function of credibility is caring/goodwill.

Signposts to Highlight Content

Signposts can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important.
Words and phrases that are useful for highlighting information can be found in book table under the category “emphasis.”