Space Age Furniture
9.5
Material Requirements Planning
One approach that has been used in the past for material planning is to stock all items at all times (sometimes called just in case inventory control). This approach requires that huge inventories be maintained, resulting in extensive warehouse space and a large amount of money invested in that inventory. Even then, many companies found that certain crucial items used in many of their products always seemed to run out at the wrong time. No matter how much inventory is kept, a large demand for certain parts can deplete supplies quickly.
Independent Versus Dependent Demand
Inventory can also be classified according to the type of demand it intends to serve. The type of demand determines which methods are used to manage inventory. Independent demand is demand that is not controlled directly by the company, such as demand from customers. Independent demand items usually include finished products, such as the completed tricycle or replacement parts sold to customers. Demand for such items is generally independent of a company's production plans. Chapter 10 will discuss procedures for managing this type of inventory.
©iStockphoto/Thinkstock
A bill of materials is like a recipe, listing the materials needed and the quantities of each. It also provides information about how the materials combine to create the final product.
Dependent demand is usually demand for an item that is generated by a company's production process. One example would be the wheels for tricycles that a company produces. Each tricycle has three wheels; if the company plans to produce 200 tricycles in a given week, it will need 600 (200 × 3) wheels that week. Thus, the demand for wheels depends on the production of tricycles. To manage inventory for dependent demand items, companies often use material requirements planning (MRP).
The idea behind MRP is simple; it is like planning a meal. A few days before preparing the meal, a decision is made about what to serve. The person who will prepare the meal examines the recipe to determine what ingredients are required to make the meal, checks the pantry to determine which ingredients are on hand, and makes a list of the ingredients that need to be purchased. A trip to the store is made to secure items that are not currently in stock. The same basic approach is used in material requirements planning.
The master schedule is analogous to the menu, which states what will be served for the meal. Recall that the master schedule indicates which items and how many of each item to produce. A bill of materials is like the list of ingredients in the recipe, which tells the cook the amount required of each. The bill of materials (BOM) lists the materials needed and the quantities of each. Like the recipe, it also provides information about how the materials come together. Inventory records will show how much is on hand. From this, it can be determined which parts or materials will come up short and how much more of each item is needed.
Data Files Used by MRP
For companies today, MRP is a computerized information system. As such, it requires data to provide the information needed for decision making. The three most important data requirements of MRP are the master production schedule, bill of materials, and inventory records.
1. Master Schedule File For MRP purposes, the master schedule is what "drives" the system and generates material requirements. As mentioned earlier, this master schedule may be at the finished-products level for companies such as Maine Woods that manufacture standard products. However, for companies making customized products, the master schedule may be at the level of components or subassemblies.
2. Bill of Materials File A bill of materials serves two purposes. First, it lists all the components of a product and the quantities needed to make the product. Second, it shows the relationships among those components, which indicates product structure, or how the items fit together. For example, Figure 9.13 shows an exploded view of the tricycle produced by Maine Woods. In manufacturing the tricycle, the front wheel, its supports, the axle, and the steering column are sub-assembled before the entire tricycle is put together. Likewise, the seat and rear axle supports are sub-assembled before final assembly.
One way to indicate these subassemblies is through a product structure tree diagram, as shown in Figure 9.14. Notice that all the parts brought together at final assembly are listed together on level 1. Any parts that are components of subassemblies are listed on level 2. Connecting lines indicate which parts belong to which subassembly.
Figure 9.13: Exploded view of Maine Woods' tricycle
One way to indicate these subassemblies is through a product structure tree diagram, as shown in Figure 9.14. Notice that all the parts brought together at final assembly are listed together on level 1. Any parts that are components of subassemblies are listed on level 2. Connecting lines indicate which parts belong to which subassembly.
Figure 9.14: Product structure tree for Maine Woods' tricycle
An indented bill of materials is another way to provide structure to the bill of materials. A tree diagram is visually appealing, but is difficult to use in computerized MRP systems. An indented bill of materials is used by MRP to provide information about product structure. Each item is identified with a level, as shown in Figure 9.14. An indented bill of materials illustrates each level indented from the one above it. Table 9.2 is the indented bill of materials for Maine Woods' tricycle.
|
Table 9.2: Indented bill of materials for Maine Woods' tricycle |
|||
|
Level |
Part no. |
Quantity |
Description |
|
0 |
127 |
1 |
Tricycle |
|
1 |
3417 |
1 |
Handle |
|
1 |
2973 |
1 |
Rear axle |
|
1 |
463 |
1 |
Front assembly |
|
2 |
3987 |
2 |
Axle support (front) |
|
2 |
5917 |
1 |
Wheel |
|
2 |
2673 |
1 |
Front axle |
|
2 |
3875 |
1 |
Steering column |
|
1 |
5917 |
2 |
Wheel |
|
1 |
587 |
1 |
Seat assembly |
|
2 |
4673 |
1 |
Seat |
|
2 |
3965 |
2 |
Axle support (rear) |
3. Inventory File In order for MRP to work, accurate inventory records must be kept. For most companies, this accuracy requires continually updating inventory records as items are withdrawn or added. To automate this function, many use bar codes, which are similar to the universal product codes (UPCs) you see on items at a grocery store; however, mistakes can be made despite automation. Cycle counting is a way to reconcile inventory records and correct errors, and many companies using MRP also employ cycle counting. Using this method, a physical count of each part is made at least once during its replenishment cycle, which is the period between orders to replenish inventory.
Displaying MRP Data
The objective of MRP is to ensure that the correct quantities of component parts are available at the proper time to produce finished products according to the master production schedule. This section describes how that is done for items that appear immediately below the finished product in the product structure tree diagram.
The information obtained from bills of materials, inventory records, and the master schedule can be shown together in the diagram of Figure 9.15, which is the table commonly used to calculate and display MRP information.
Figure 9.15: Table for MRP
The table in Figure 9.15 illustrates time periods across the top. These represent time periods for planning purposes, or time buckets. The timebuckets correspond to the master product schedule, which is usually set in weeks. The purpose of using these time periods is to state the total quantity requirements for component parts and materials needed during each time bucket. This process of stating requirements by time bucket is often called time phasing.
The first row in Figure 9.15 is labeled gross requirements. Gross requirements represent the total quantity needed of a particular item in each time bucket, based on the master production schedule and the bill of materials, regardless of current inventory of that item. The second row, scheduled receipts, shows whether any orders for that item have been placed previously, but not yet received. Entries in this row indicate when the order should arrive and how many units should be enclosed. Projected ending inventory shows the planned number of units that should remain at the end of each time bucket after all transactions of that period are complete. If the number of units available during a period (projected ending inventory from the previous period plus receipts) is not sufficient to cover gross requirements, then the row labeled netrequirements indicates the number of units the company is short. An entry in net requirements indicates that a replenishment order will need to be placed. Thus, the last two rows show planned receipts and planned order releases. The planned receipts row shows when orders must arrive in order to avoid a shortage of necessary parts or materials, as indicated by the net requirements row. The planned order releases row indicates the time periods in which those orders must be released (or placed) to arrive at the correct time. The difference between scheduled receipts and planned receipts is that scheduled receipts correspond to orders that have actually been placed sometime in the past, but not yet received. Planned receipts correspond to orders planned for release, but not yet released. Both scheduled receipts and planned receipts are included as units available in the MRP record.
MRP Logic
The information in Figure 9.15 may be completed for each part of raw material as follows:
1. Obtain the bill of materials for the appropriate end product.
2. Begin with a level 1 item from the bill of materials.
3. Multiply the number of units of the level 1 item needed per unit of finished product (from the bill of materials) by the master schedule quantity for each time bucket. Insert this as gross requirements for the appropriate time bucket. Ordinarily, the master schedule indicates the number of units of finished product to be produced in each time period, so the appropriate time bucket will be that same time period. In some cases, however, the master schedule indicates completion of production. If so, the time period when production begins is the appropriate time bucket for gross requirements.
4. Enter any scheduled receipts of the item, based on lead time and orders previously released, in the appropriate time buckets.
5. Determine how many units should be in inventory at the start of the first time bucket. Enter this number in the square to the left of the first time bucket.
6. Perform the following steps for each time bucket, beginning with the first, until the end of the planning horizon is reached. Add projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket to scheduled receipts for the present period. If this total equals or exceeds gross requirements for the present period, go to step a. If not, go to step b.
a. If gross requirements in the time bucket being planned are less than or equal to the sum of projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket and scheduled receipts for the current time bucket, enter the difference as projected ending inventory in the current period. Leave net requirement blank, and repeat this step for the next time bucket.
b. If gross requirements are greater than the sum of projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket and scheduled receipts for the current time bucket, enter the difference as net requirements. Leave projected ending inventory blank for the present time period until the following sub-steps have been performed.
i. For any period in which net requirements appear, plan an order release and corresponding receipt to cover the net requirement. (This ordering approach is termed lot-for-lot. Net requirements from several periods may be combined into one planned order release using other lot sizing methods.)
ii. Subtract net requirements from planned receipts, and enter the total as projected ending inventory for the current time bucket. Proceed to step a for the next time bucket.
Problem
Consider the Maine Woods Company. The bill of materials for tricycles, shown in Table 9.2, indicates the front assembly (part #463) is a level 1 item. The inventory file for this item shows 100 units are expected to be in inventory at the end of December. Production lead time, the time it takes to receive front assemblies after more are ordered into production, is two weeks. An order for 500 front assemblies was released earlier and is scheduled for receipt during week 1 of January. Using the master schedule for tricycles of Figure 9.12, determine planned order releases for front assemblies. The production for weeks 5 and 6 is set at 250 units each.
Step 1. The bill of materials (Table 9.2) indicates one front assembly is needed for each tricycle.
Step 2. Front assemblies are a level 1 item, so begin planning with them.
Step 3. The master production schedule during weeks 1 through 6 is shown at the top of Figure 9.16. Because one front assembly is needed for each tricycle, and the master schedule shows units to be produced during each week, the gross requirements for front assemblies in each week will be the same as the master schedule quantities of tricycles.
Step 4. The scheduled receipt of 500 units is entered for week 1.
Step 5. The 100 front assemblies projected to be in inventory at the end of December are entered in the projected ending inventory box to the left of week 1.
Step 6. Week 1: Gross requirements in week 1 are less than projected ending inventory from the previous week, plus scheduled receipts for week 1. The difference is entered as projected ending inventory for week 1, as shown in Figure 9.16.
(100 + 500) − 250 = 350
Week 2: Gross requirements in week 2 are less than projected ending inventory from week 1. Projected ending inventory for week 2 is:
350 − 285 = 65,
as shown in Figure 9.17.
Figure 9.16: MRP for front assemblies
Figure 9.17: Partially completed MRP: Front assemblies
Week 3: Gross requirements in week 3 are greater than projected ending inventory from week 2 by 190 units. This difference is entered as net requirements for week 3.
1. An order for week 3 net requirements must be planned for receipt in week 3. Because the lead time is two weeks, the order must be planned for release in week 1 (week 3 minus 2 weeks lead time = week 1).
2. The planned receipts for week 3 are 190 units, and net requirements are 190 units. Therefore, the projected ending inventory for week 3 will be zero.
Weeks 4 through 6 are completed in the same way, producing the results shown in Figure 9.18.
Figure 9.18: Completed MRP: Front assemblies
In this example, the planned order releases were determined for front assemblies, which are a level 1 item. The gross requirements for all level 1 items will be determined from the master production schedule. But items that are level 2 in the bill of materials will be used in making level 1 items. Thus, their gross requirements will be determined from planned order releases for level 1 items, not from the master schedule. For example, the front assemblies that were just planned using MRP are a level 1 item. However, the front axle supports used in that assembly are level 2. Therefore, the gross requirements for front axle supports will be determined by the planned order releases for front assemblies, as shown in Figure 9.19.
Figure 9.19: MRP for a level 2 item: Front axle supports
Coordinating Purchasing
Many times, one particular part or subassembly will be used in more than one product. In such cases, the gross requirements for that part must take into account all planned production of products or subassemblies that use that part.
Problem
The front wheel in the Maine Woods tricycle is exactly the same as the two rear wheels. However, the front wheel is part of a subassembly, while the rear wheels are not. Furthermore, the wheels on Maine Woods' scooter are also the same as the wheels used on its tricycle. Therefore, gross requirements for wheels (part #5917) will be the sum of planned order releases for tricycle front assemblies (Figure 9.18) plus the master schedule quantities for tricycles (Figure 9.12), multiplied by two, and scooters (Figure 9.12), also multiplied by two, as shown in Figure 9.20.
Figure 9.20: Combining demand from multiple sources and levels
MRP Coordinates Purchasing and Operations
The output from MRP is a schedule of planned order releases. There are two types of orders. A shop order authorizes production to make certain component parts or subassemblies. A purchase order is an authorization for a vendor to supply parts or materials. If the orders request component parts or subassemblies made by the company itself, then a shop order will be released. If the planned order release is for a part or raw material that is purchased from an outside vendor, then a purchase order will be released.
The operations part of a company is usually the department responsible for running MRP. Thus, operations are aware that the release of a shop order means that a certain part or component should be started in production because a need will exist for it sometime in the near future. Because operations generated the shop order release, they will be aware that it is a valid order and that it should be produced in the quantity indicated. Purchase orders are usually handled by a purchasing or procurement department. If the order releases generated by MRP are to be carried out, then the purchasing department must be aware of what the MRP system is doing and trust in the output it generates. Close coordination between the operations and purchasing departments is essential.
9.5
Material
Requirements
Planning
One
approach
that
has
been
used
in
the
past
for
material
planning
is
to
stock
all
items
at
all
tim
es
(sometimes
called
just
in
case
inventory
control).
This
approach
requires
that
huge
inventori
es
be
maintained,
resulting
in
extensive
warehouse
space
and
a
large
amount
of
money
investe
d
in
that
inventory.
Even
then,
many
companies
found
that
certain
crucial
items
used
in
many
o
f
their
products
always
seemed
to
run
out
at
the
wrong
time.
No
matter
how
much
inventory
is
kept,
a
large
demand
for
certain
parts
can
deplete
supplies
quickly.
Independent
Versus
Dependent
Demand
Inventory
can
also
be
classified
according
to
the
type
of
demand
it
intends
to
serve.
The
type
of
demand
determines
which
methods
are
used
to
manage
inventory.
Independent
demand
is
de
mand
that
is
not
controlled
directly
by
the
company,
such
as
demand
from
customers.
Indepe
ndent
demand
items
usually
include
finished
products,
such
as
the
completed
tricycle
or
repla
cement
parts
sold
to
customers.
Demand
for
such
items
is
generally
independent
of
a
company'
s
production
plans.
Chapter
10
will
discuss
procedures
for
managing
this
type
of
inventory.
©iStockphoto/Thinkstock
A
bill
of
materials
is
like
a
recipe,
listing
the
materials
needed
and
the
quantities
of
each.
It
also
provides
infor
mation
about
how
the
materials
combine
to
create
the
final
product.
9.5
Material Requirements Planning
One approach that has been used in the past for material planning is to stock all items at all tim
es (sometimes called just in case inventory control). This approach requires that huge inventori
es be maintained, resulting in extensive warehouse space and a large amount of money investe
d in that inventory. Even then, many companies found that certain crucial items used in many o
f their products always seemed to run out at the wrong time. No matter how much inventory is
kept, a large demand for certain parts can deplete supplies quickly.
Independent Versus Dependent Demand
Inventory can also be classified according to the type of demand it intends to serve. The type of
demand determines which methods are used to manage inventory. Independent demand is de
mand that is not controlled directly by the company, such as demand from customers. Indepe
ndent demand items usually include finished products, such as the completed tricycle or repla
cement parts sold to customers. Demand for such items is generally independent of a company'
s production plans. Chapter 10 will discuss procedures for managing this type of inventory.
©iStockphoto/Thinkstock
A bill of materials is like a recipe, listing the materials needed and the quantities of each. It also provides infor
mation about how the materials combine to create the final product.