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 9.5 

 Material Requirements Planning 

One approach that has been used in the past for material planning is to stock all items at all times (sometimes called just in case inventory control). This approach requires that huge inventories be maintained, resulting in extensive warehouse space and a large amount of money invested in that inventory. Even then, many companies found that certain crucial items used in many of their products always seemed to run out at the wrong time. No matter how much inventory is kept, a large demand for certain parts can deplete supplies quickly.

Independent Versus Dependent Demand

Inventory can also be classified according to the type of demand it intends to serve. The type of demand determines which methods are used to manage inventory. Independent demand is demand that is not controlled directly by the company, such as demand from customers. Independent demand items usually include finished products, such as the completed tricycle or replacement parts sold to customers. Demand for such items is generally independent of a company's production plans. Chapter 10 will discuss procedures for managing this type of inventory.

Photo of a recipe book sitting on a picnic tablecloth.

©iStockphoto/Thinkstock

A bill of materials is like a recipe, listing the materials needed and the quantities of each. It also provides information about how the materials combine to create the final product.

Dependent demand is usually demand for an item that is generated by a company's production process. One example would be the wheels for tricycles that a company produces. Each tricycle has three wheels; if the company plans to produce 200 tricycles in a given week, it will need 600 (200 × 3) wheels that week. Thus, the demand for wheels depends on the production of tricycles. To manage inventory for dependent demand items, companies often use material requirements planning (MRP).

The idea behind MRP is simple; it is like planning a meal. A few days before preparing the meal, a decision is made about what to serve. The person who will prepare the meal examines the recipe to determine what ingredients are required to make the meal, checks the pantry to determine which ingredients are on hand, and makes a list of the ingredients that need to be purchased. A trip to the store is made to secure items that are not currently in stock. The same basic approach is used in material requirements planning.

The master schedule is analogous to the menu, which states what will be served for the meal. Recall that the master schedule indicates which items and how many of each item to produce. A bill of materials is like the list of ingredients in the recipe, which tells the cook the amount required of each. The bill of materials (BOM) lists the materials needed and the quantities of each. Like the recipe, it also provides information about how the materials come together. Inventory records will show how much is on hand. From this, it can be determined which parts or materials will come up short and how much more of each item is needed.

Data Files Used by MRP

For companies today, MRP is a computerized information system. As such, it requires data to provide the information needed for decision making. The three most important data requirements of MRP are the master production schedule, bill of materials, and inventory records.

1. Master Schedule File  For MRP purposes, the master schedule is what "drives" the system and generates material requirements. As mentioned earlier, this master schedule may be at the finished-products level for companies such as Maine Woods that manufacture standard products. However, for companies making customized products, the master schedule may be at the level of components or subassemblies.

2. Bill of Materials File A bill of materials serves two purposes. First, it lists all the components of a product and the quantities needed to make the product. Second, it shows the relationships among those components, which indicates product structure, or how the items fit together. For example, Figure 9.13 shows an exploded view of the tricycle produced by Maine Woods. In manufacturing the tricycle, the front wheel, its supports, the axle, and the steering column are sub-assembled before the entire tricycle is put together. Likewise, the seat and rear axle supports are sub-assembled before final assembly.

One way to indicate these subassemblies is through a product structure tree diagram, as shown in Figure 9.14. Notice that all the parts brought together at final assembly are listed together on level 1. Any parts that are components of subassemblies are listed on level 2. Connecting lines indicate which parts belong to which subassembly.

Figure 9.13: Exploded view of Maine Woods' tricycle

3-D blueprint comprised of various pieces. At the top is a small, flat rectangular object floating above a large flat rectangular object. On the right underside of the flat rectangle is a medium sized rectangular cube. In front of the rectangular cube are 2 three-dimensional circular wheel shapes. There is another medium sized rectangular cube in front of these. Finally there is a cylindrical peg lying horizontally in front of these. There is a dashed line that extends from the peg through the center of both cubes and 3-D circles. There are also two dashed lines that extend up and over from the foremost cube to the large flat rectangle. On the left underside of the flat rectangle there is a thin, vertical cylindrical peg, which sits atop a thin, flat rectangular object. Beneath this, there is another three-dimensional circular wheel shape. There are two tall, rectangular cubes both behind and in front of the 3-D wheel. In front of the foremost rectangular cube, there is another horizontal cylindrical peg. There is a dashed line that extends from the peg through the center of both cubes and the 3-D wheel shape. There are also two dashed lines that run on either side of the thin, flat rectangle above the wheel. Finally, there is a dashed line that runs through the first two flat rectangular objects and through the vertical cylinder.

One way to indicate these subassemblies is through a product structure tree diagram, as shown in Figure 9.14. Notice that all the parts brought together at final assembly are listed together on level 1. Any parts that are components of subassemblies are listed on level 2. Connecting lines indicate which parts belong to which subassembly.

Figure 9.14: Product structure tree for Maine Woods' tricycle

Flow chart with three levels each separated with a dashed horizontal line. Level 0 contains a box labeled Tricycle. This box is connected to boxes on Level 1 labeled Handle, Rear axle, Front assembly, Wheels (2), and Seat assembly. The Front assembly box is connected to boxes on Level 2 labeled Front axle supports (2), Wheel, Front axle, and Steering column. The Seat assembly box on Level 1 is connected to boxes on Level 2 labeled Seat and Rear axle supports (2).

An indented bill of materials is another way to provide structure to the bill of materials. A tree diagram is visually appealing, but is difficult to use in computerized MRP systems. An indented bill of materials is used by MRP to provide information about product structure. Each item is identified with a level, as shown in Figure 9.14. An indented bill of materials illustrates each level indented from the one above it. Table 9.2 is the indented bill of materials for Maine Woods' tricycle.

Table 9.2: Indented bill of materials for Maine Woods' tricycle

Level

Part no.

Quantity

Description

0

127

1

Tricycle

  1

  3417

1

Handle

  1

  2973

1

Rear axle

  1

  463

1

Front assembly

    2

    3987

2

Axle support (front)

    2

    5917

1

Wheel

    2

    2673

1

Front axle

    2

    3875

1

Steering column

  1

  5917

2

Wheel

  1

  587

1

Seat assembly

    2

    4673

1

Seat

    2

    3965

2

Axle support (rear)

3. Inventory File In order for MRP to work, accurate inventory records must be kept. For most companies, this accuracy requires continually updating inventory records as items are withdrawn or added. To automate this function, many use bar codes, which are similar to the universal product codes (UPCs) you see on items at a grocery store; however, mistakes can be made despite automation. Cycle counting is a way to reconcile inventory records and correct errors, and many companies using MRP also employ cycle counting. Using this method, a physical count of each part is made at least once during its replenishment cycle, which is the period between orders to replenish inventory.

Displaying MRP Data

The objective of MRP is to ensure that the correct quantities of component parts are available at the proper time to produce finished products according to the master production schedule. This section describes how that is done for items that appear immediately below the finished product in the product structure tree diagram.

The information obtained from bills of materials, inventory records, and the master schedule can be shown together in the diagram of Figure 9.15, which is the table commonly used to calculate and display MRP information.

Figure 9.15: Table for MRP

Blank table with 6 rows and 7 columns. There is one extra box in row three on the left side of the table. The rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases.

The table in Figure 9.15 illustrates time periods across the top. These represent time periods for planning purposes, or time buckets. The timebuckets correspond to the master product schedule, which is usually set in weeks. The purpose of using these time periods is to state the total quantity requirements for component parts and materials needed during each time bucket. This process of stating requirements by time bucket is often called time phasing.

The first row in Figure 9.15 is labeled gross requirements. Gross requirements represent the total quantity needed of a particular item in each time bucket, based on the master production schedule and the bill of materials, regardless of current inventory of that item. The second row, scheduled receipts, shows whether any orders for that item have been placed previously, but not yet received. Entries in this row indicate when the order should arrive and how many units should be enclosed. Projected ending inventory shows the planned number of units that should remain at the end of each time bucket after all transactions of that period are complete. If the number of units available during a period (projected ending inventory from the previous period plus receipts) is not sufficient to cover gross requirements, then the row labeled netrequirements indicates the number of units the company is short. An entry in net requirements indicates that a replenishment order will need to be placed. Thus, the last two rows show planned receipts and planned order releases. The planned receipts row shows when orders must arrive in order to avoid a shortage of necessary parts or materials, as indicated by the net requirements row. The planned order releases row indicates the time periods in which those orders must be released (or placed) to arrive at the correct time. The difference between scheduled receipts and planned receipts is that scheduled receipts correspond to orders that have actually been placed sometime in the past, but not yet received. Planned receipts correspond to orders planned for release, but not yet released. Both scheduled receipts and planned receipts are included as units available in the MRP record.

MRP Logic

The information in Figure 9.15 may be completed for each part of raw material as follows:

1. Obtain the bill of materials for the appropriate end product.

2. Begin with a level 1 item from the bill of materials.

3. Multiply the number of units of the level 1 item needed per unit of finished product (from the bill of materials) by the master schedule quantity for each time bucket. Insert this as gross requirements for the appropriate time bucket. Ordinarily, the master schedule indicates the number of units of finished product to be produced in each time period, so the appropriate time bucket will be that same time period. In some cases, however, the master schedule indicates completion of production. If so, the time period when production begins is the appropriate time bucket for gross requirements.

4. Enter any scheduled receipts of the item, based on lead time and orders previously released, in the appropriate time buckets.

5. Determine how many units should be in inventory at the start of the first time bucket. Enter this number in the square to the left of the first time bucket.

6. Perform the following steps for each time bucket, beginning with the first, until the end of the planning horizon is reached. Add projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket to scheduled receipts for the present period. If this total equals or exceeds gross requirements for the present period, go to step a. If not, go to step b.

a. If gross requirements in the time bucket being planned are less than or equal to the sum of projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket and scheduled receipts for the current time bucket, enter the difference as projected ending inventory in the current period. Leave net requirement blank, and repeat this step for the next time bucket.

b. If gross requirements are greater than the sum of projected ending inventory from the preceding time bucket and scheduled receipts for the current time bucket, enter the difference as net requirements. Leave projected ending inventory blank for the present time period until the following sub-steps have been performed.

i. For any period in which net requirements appear, plan an order release and corresponding receipt to cover the net requirement. (This ordering approach is termed lot-for-lot. Net requirements from several periods may be combined into one planned order release using other lot sizing methods.)

ii. Subtract net requirements from planned receipts, and enter the total as projected ending inventory for the current time bucket. Proceed to step a for the next time bucket.

Problem

Consider the Maine Woods Company. The bill of materials for tricycles, shown in Table 9.2, indicates the front assembly (part #463) is a level 1 item. The inventory file for this item shows 100 units are expected to be in inventory at the end of December. Production lead time, the time it takes to receive front assemblies after more are ordered into production, is two weeks. An order for 500 front assemblies was released earlier and is scheduled for receipt during week 1 of January. Using the master schedule for tricycles of Figure 9.12, determine planned order releases for front assemblies. The production for weeks 5 and 6 is set at 250 units each.

Step 1. The bill of materials (Table 9.2) indicates one front assembly is needed for each tricycle.

Step 2. Front assemblies are a level 1 item, so begin planning with them.

Step 3. The master production schedule during weeks 1 through 6 is shown at the top of Figure 9.16. Because one front assembly is needed for each tricycle, and the master schedule shows units to be produced during each week, the gross requirements for front assemblies in each week will be the same as the master schedule quantities of tricycles.

Step 4. The scheduled receipt of 500 units is entered for week 1.

Step 5. The 100 front assemblies projected to be in inventory at the end of December are entered in the projected ending inventory box to the left of week 1.

Step 6. Week 1: Gross requirements in week 1 are less than projected ending inventory from the previous week, plus scheduled receipts for week 1. The difference is entered as projected ending inventory for week 1, as shown in Figure 9.16.

(100 + 500) − 250 = 350

Week 2: Gross requirements in week 2 are less than projected ending inventory from week 1. Projected ending inventory for week 2 is:

350 − 285 = 65,

as shown in Figure 9.17.

Figure 9.16: MRP for front assemblies

Table titled Master Schedule, and measured by week. One floating row of boxes labeled 1-6 read 250, 285, 255, 285, 250, and 250. Arrows point to a table, titled Front Assemblies with 6 rows and 6 columns. There is one extra box in row three on the left side of the table. The rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases. In the Gross requirements row, columns 1-6 read 250, 285, 255, 285, 250, and 250. In the scheduled receipts row, column one contains 500. In the Projected ending inventory row, the extra box to the left of the table reads 100, and column one reads 350. The remainder of the table is blank.

Figure 9.17: Partially completed MRP: Front assemblies

Table labeled with 6 rows and 6 columns. There is one extra box in row three on the left side of the table. The columns are labeled 1-6. The rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases. In the Gross requirements row, columns 1-6 read 250, 285, 255, 285, 250, and 250, respectively. In the scheduled receipts row, column one contains 500. In the Projected ending inventory row, the extra box to the left of the table reads 100 and columns 1-3 read 350, 65, and 0, respectively. In the Net requirements row, column 3 reads 190. There is an arrow pointing from that box to the column 1 box in the Planned order releases row. In the Planned receipts row, column 3 reads 190. In the Planned order releases row, column 1 reads 190 and there is an arrow pointing from this box to the third column in the Planned receipts row. The remainder of the table is blank.

Week 3: Gross requirements in week 3 are greater than projected ending inventory from week 2 by 190 units. This difference is entered as net requirements for week 3.

1. An order for week 3 net requirements must be planned for receipt in week 3. Because the lead time is two weeks, the order must be planned for release in week 1 (week 3 minus 2 weeks lead time = week 1).

2. The planned receipts for week 3 are 190 units, and net requirements are 190 units. Therefore, the projected ending inventory for week 3 will be zero.

Weeks 4 through 6 are completed in the same way, producing the results shown in Figure 9.18.

Figure 9.18: Completed MRP: Front assemblies

Table labeled with 6 rows and 6 columns. There is one extra box in row three on the left side of the table. The columns are labeled 1-6. The rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases. In the Gross requirements row, columns 1-6 read 250, 285, 255, 285, 250, and 250, respectively. In the scheduled receipts row, column one contains 500. In the Projected ending inventory row, the extra box to the left of the table reads 100 and columns 1 and 2 read 350 and 65. Columns 3-6 all contain zeros. In the Net requirements row, columns 3-6 read 190, 285, 250, and 250. In the Planned receipts row, columns 3-6 read 190, 285, 250, and 250. In the Planned order releases row, columns 1-4 read 190, 285, 250, and 250. There are arrows pointing between each of the boxes with corresponding values in the Planned receipts row and the Planned order releases row.

In this example, the planned order releases were determined for front assemblies, which are a level 1 item. The gross requirements for all level 1 items will be determined from the master production schedule. But items that are level 2 in the bill of materials will be used in making level 1 items. Thus, their gross requirements will be determined from planned order releases for level 1 items, not from the master schedule. For example, the front assemblies that were just planned using MRP are a level 1 item. However, the front axle supports used in that assembly are level 2. Therefore, the gross requirements for front axle supports will be determined by the planned order releases for front assemblies, as shown in Figure 9.19.

Figure 9.19: MRP for a level 2 item: Front axle supports

One floating row of boxes titled Front Assemblies, and measured by week has columns labeled 1-6. The row is labeled Level 1 – Planned order releases and columns 1-4 read 250, 285, 250, and 250. Arrows point from columns 1 and 2 to a table, titled Front axle supports* with 6 rows and 6 columns. There is one extra box in row three on the left side of the table. This table is Level 2 and the rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases. In the Gross requirements row, columns 1-4 read 380, 570, 500, and 500. In the scheduled receipts row, column one contains 500. In the Projected ending inventory row, the extra box to the left of the table reads 40, and column one reads 160. Columns 2-4 contain zeros. In the Net requirements row, columns 2-4 read 410, 500, and 500. In the Planned receipts row, columns 2-4 read 410, 500, and 500. In the Planned order releases row, columns 1-3 read 410, 500, and 500. A note beneath the table reads *2 axle supports per front assembly, Lead time51 week.

Coordinating Purchasing

Many times, one particular part or subassembly will be used in more than one product. In such cases, the gross requirements for that part must take into account all planned production of products or subassemblies that use that part.

Problem

The front wheel in the Maine Woods tricycle is exactly the same as the two rear wheels. However, the front wheel is part of a subassembly, while the rear wheels are not. Furthermore, the wheels on Maine Woods' scooter are also the same as the wheels used on its tricycle. Therefore, gross requirements for wheels (part #5917) will be the sum of planned order releases for tricycle front assemblies (Figure 9.18) plus the master schedule quantities for tricycles (Figure 9.12), multiplied by two, and scooters (Figure 9.12), also multiplied by two, as shown in Figure 9.20.

Figure 9.20: Combining demand from multiple sources and levels

Three single-row table float above one larger table with 6 rows and 4 columns. The first floating table is titled Front Assemblies Planned order releases. Its columns are labeled Weeks 1-4. Column one says 190, column two says 285, and columns three and four say 250. The second floating table is titled Tricycles* Master Schedule. Its columns, labeled Weeks 1-4, say 250, 285,255, and 285, respectively. There is an asterisk beneath the table that says 2 rear wheels per tricycle. The third floating table is titled Scooters* Master Schedule. Its Week two and four columns say 250, and its 1 and 3 columns are blank. An asterisk below the table says 2 rear wheels per scooter. There is an arrow pointing from the Front Assemblies and Tricycles tables to the first column on the larger table. There is also an arrow from the Scooters table pointing to the second column on the larger table. The large table has columns labeled Weeks 1-4, and its rows are labeled Gross requirements, Scheduled receipts, Projected ending inventory, Net requirements, Planned receipts, and Planned order releases. In the Gross requirements row, column one reads 190+2(250)5690. Column two reads 285+2(285)+2(250)51,355. Column one reads 250+2(255)5760. Column four reads 250+2(285)+2(250)51,320. In the Scheduled receipts row, column one reads 2,000. Columns 2-4 are blank. In the Projected ending inventory row, there is one small extra box on the left side of the table that says 100. Columns one through four read 1,410; 55; 1,295; and 1,975. In the Net requirements row columns three and four read 705 and 25. Columns 1 and 2 are blank. In the Planned receipts row, columns three and four both read 2,000. Columns 1 and 2 are blank. In the Planned order releases row, column one reads 2,000* and column two reads 2,000. Columns three and four are blank. The double asterisk beneath the table reads Lead time52 weeks and Minimum order quantity52,000.

MRP Coordinates Purchasing and Operations

The output from MRP is a schedule of planned order releases. There are two types of orders. A shop order authorizes production to make certain component parts or subassemblies. A purchase order is an authorization for a vendor to supply parts or materials. If the orders request component parts or subassemblies made by the company itself, then a shop order will be released. If the planned order release is for a part or raw material that is purchased from an outside vendor, then a purchase order will be released.

The operations part of a company is usually the department responsible for running MRP. Thus, operations are aware that the release of a shop order means that a certain part or component should be started in production because a need will exist for it sometime in the near future. Because operations generated the shop order release, they will be aware that it is a valid order and that it should be produced in the quantity indicated. Purchase orders are usually handled by a purchasing or procurement department. If the order releases generated by MRP are to be carried out, then the purchasing department must be aware of what the MRP system is doing and trust in the output it generates. Close coordination between the operations and purchasing departments is essential.

9.5

Material

Requirements

Planning

One

approach

that

has

been

used

in

the

past

for

material

planning

is

to

stock

all

items

at

all

tim

es

(sometimes

called

just

in

case

inventory

control).

This

approach

requires

that

huge

inventori

es

be

maintained,

resulting

in

extensive

warehouse

space

and

a

large

amount

of

money

investe

d

in

that

inventory.

Even

then,

many

companies

found

that

certain

crucial

items

used

in

many

o

f

their

products

always

seemed

to

run

out

at

the

wrong

time.

No

matter

how

much

inventory

is

kept,

a

large

demand

for

certain

parts

can

deplete

supplies

quickly.

Independent

Versus

Dependent

Demand

Inventory

can

also

be

classified

according

to

the

type

of

demand

it

intends

to

serve.

The

type

of

demand

determines

which

methods

are

used

to

manage

inventory.

Independent

demand

is

de

mand

that

is

not

controlled

directly

by

the

company,

such

as

demand

from

customers.

Indepe

ndent

demand

items

usually

include

finished

products,

such

as

the

completed

tricycle

or

repla

cement

parts

sold

to

customers.

Demand

for

such

items

is

generally

independent

of

a

company'

s

production

plans.

Chapter

10

will

discuss

procedures

for

managing

this

type

of

inventory.

©iStockphoto/Thinkstock

A

bill

of

materials

is

like

a

recipe,

listing

the

materials

needed

and

the

quantities

of

each.

It

also

provides

infor

mation

about

how

the

materials

combine

to

create

the

final

product.

9.5

Material Requirements Planning

One approach that has been used in the past for material planning is to stock all items at all tim

es (sometimes called just in case inventory control). This approach requires that huge inventori

es be maintained, resulting in extensive warehouse space and a large amount of money investe

d in that inventory. Even then, many companies found that certain crucial items used in many o

f their products always seemed to run out at the wrong time. No matter how much inventory is

kept, a large demand for certain parts can deplete supplies quickly.

Independent Versus Dependent Demand

Inventory can also be classified according to the type of demand it intends to serve. The type of

demand determines which methods are used to manage inventory. Independent demand is de

mand that is not controlled directly by the company, such as demand from customers. Indepe

ndent demand items usually include finished products, such as the completed tricycle or repla

cement parts sold to customers. Demand for such items is generally independent of a company'

s production plans. Chapter 10 will discuss procedures for managing this type of inventory.

©iStockphoto/Thinkstock

A bill of materials is like a recipe, listing the materials needed and the quantities of each. It also provides infor

mation about how the materials combine to create the final product.