referencing the history of city planning and how it has changed over time.

1. Definition of urbanization: (size, density, proportion of population compared to rural and surrounding rural areas)

1. Proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion. A common mistake is to think of urbanization as simply the growth of cities. total population comprises of both urban and rural and therefore, proportion urban is function of both. If both city and rural grows at equal rate, there is no urbanization.

2. Global Cities: (Density, culture, and mobility: Tokyo,Seoul,Mexico City, London,etc.)

3. Factors Affecting Urbanization: (push and pull)

4. Consequences of Urbanization: (both positive and negative)

5. Lynch's Mental Map-Images of city: (Path,District,Edge, Landmark,and Node)

6. Graphic Presentation: (Urbanization, Suburbanization, Edge City, Natural Growth)

6. Remember: when drawing graphs, you must remember the following---city center, edge of city, population density, distance from city center, two time periods, point where two graphs cross.

7. Historical Look at City Growth Theory: Commercial, Industrial, Corporate, and Global Cities (Accumulation)

7. Commercial (1850s and beyond):

1. Merchants accumulated their wealth through commodity exchanges

2. Political connections were important. Cities like London were dominant in activities

3. Cities were heterogeneous, mixing class of people in the city.

4. Workplace and residence were connected. Socioeocnomic segregation did not increase in this period.

5. City life was easy communality. However, uneven income distribution between buyers and sellers, thus creating popular protests.

7. Industrial (late 19th century):

1. Factories relied heavily on homogenous production and labor, and also on available workers.

1. Good example would be early textile mills along the rivers of New England (Lowell, Lawrence, Waltham, and Lynn).

1. These cities relied on worker pools, rail and water access for transportation, easy access to consumer markets, and innovation techniques. Spatial characteristics--- huge factories in downtown area, newly created segregated residential development (workers near factories, industrialists away from downtown), middle and upper class moved to outside of city center, growth of shopping districts in downtown area for convenience shopping.

1. City life became intense and little choice for workers.

7. Corporate (early 20th century and present):

2. Corporations began searching for stability and security from the experiences of industrial city experience.

2. Decentralization of manufacturing (snowbelt and sunbelt, south, southwest, non-union states, low wages, cheap land), creation of downtown central business districts, suburban growth, and no visible downtown for many corporate cities.

2. No centers anywhere, diffuse economic activities everywhere.

2. Clear division among socioeconomic class, commuting became diffused (not one way, but several different ways).

2. Citis like Phoenix, San Diego, Houston, Dallas, and others are good examples.

7. Global (1980s and beyond):

3. Corporations search more for stability and seek for more profits.

3. Outsourcing of manufacturing activities, factories closing, corporations feel that they do not belong to any one country, suburban fragmentation continues, still no visible centers, and issues with job types created.

3. Most recent phenomenon is that some corporations are coming bact to America for manufacturing activities (i.e., robotic assembly, high-tech background workers, etc.)

3. Think globally, act locally, or think globally, act globally.