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1/12/2017 The presidentelect’s perilous trade policy | The Economist
http://www.economist.com/node/21713853/print 1/2
Trumponomics
The presidentelect’s perilous trade policy Trump may simply be looking for good headlines. If he is after more, he is likely to suffer an expensive failure.
Jan 7th 2017
IT MUST seem to Donald Trump that reversing
globalisation is easypeasy. With a couple of weeks still
to go before he is even inaugurated, contrite firms are
queuing up to invest in America. This week Ford
cancelled a $1.6 billion new plant for small cars in
Mexico and pledged to create 700 new jobs building
electric and hybrid cars at Flat Rock in Michigan—while
praising Mr Trump for improving the business climate in
America. Other manufacturers, such as Carrier, have changed their plans, too. All it has taken is some
harsh words, the odd tax handout and a few casual threats.
Mr Trump has consistently argued that globalisation gives America a poor deal. He reportedly wants to
impose a tariff of 5% or more on all imports. To help him, he has assembled advisers with experience in
the steel industry, which has a rich history of trade battles. Robert Lighthizer, his proposed trade
negotiator, has spent much of his career as a lawyer protecting American steelmakers from foreign
competition. Wilbur Ross, wouldbe commerce secretary, bought lossmaking American steel mills just
before George W. Bush increased tariffs on imported steel. Daniel DiMicco, an adviser, used to run
1/12/2017 The presidentelect’s perilous trade policy | The Economist
http://www.economist.com/node/21713853/print 2/2
Nucor, America’s biggest steel firm. Peter Navarro, an economist, author of books such as “Death by
China” and now an adviser on trade, sees the decline of America’s steel industry as emblematic of how
unfair competition from China has hurt America.
But the steel business is not a model for trade policy in general and companies are capable of being
tricksy, too. Mr Trump may simply be looking for good headlines, but if he wants more, his plans
threaten to be an expensive failure.
The miller’s tale
One reason is that Paul Ryan, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, said this week that
Congress would not be raising tariffs. Executive orders are bad politics and can get Mr Trump only so
far. Another is that Ford’s plans are not as simple as they look. It will still build its new small car in
Mexico—at an existing plant (see article (http://www.economist.com/news/business/21713899
insteaditemphasisednewinvestmentandjobsmichiganfordmotorscourtsdonaldtrump) ). But
above all, Mr Trump gravely underestimates the complexity of messing with tariffs.
The men of steel are right to complain about China. Its government has indeed subsidised its
steelmakers, leading to a glut that was dumped on the world market. Successive American
governments have put up tariffs to protect domestic producers (in 2016 the Obama administration
placed a tariff of 522% on coldrolled Chinese steel), as has the European Union.
Yet this way of thinking fails to deal with the question of whether an ample supply of cheap steel
courtesy of a foreign government is really so terrible: it benefits American firms that consume steel—
and they earn bigger profits and employ more people as a result. Moreover, trade in most goods and
services is not like steel. America’s biggest import from China is electrical machinery. China’s
government does not subsidise the overproduction of iPhones which are then dumped on the market,
causing iPhonemakers in America to be laidoff. Instead, a smartphone might be designed and
engineered in California and assembled in China, using components made or designed in half a dozen
Asian and European countries, using metals from Africa. Likewise, every dollar of Mexican exports
contains around 40 cents of American output embedded within it. For producers of such goods, tariffs
would be a costly disaster. American steelmakers might seek out government protection. Apple and its
kind will not.
This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline “Men of steel, houses of cards”