Please rewrite these papers for (Catherine Owens Only)

Examine the contemporary role of Denial and Deception in national security affairs. 

Denial and Deception operations still succeed when employed in today’s modern world because of the considerable body of information. It is almost impossible to know whether or not information received is true. There are so many variables that have to be considered to determine is the information is true or misleading. For example, how did you get the information? If the information was given to you by a person, you have to ask yourself if the person is trustworthy. If said person is trustworthy, then what source did the person receive the information? If by accident then you have to question if it was really an accident or intentional. “What made Montagu think that the German High Command would be fooled by the age-old "lost rucksack" ruse? Had not the Nazi reaction to the "Operation Torch" documents found after the Catalina crash been to dismiss them as fakes?”

(Montagu, n.p). The enemies were fed information that was true so they could use deception to plant false information later that the enemies would be more inclined to believe.

In today’s world I believe deception is even easier than in past times due to all the modern technology. The internet, cell phones, computers, are all examples of modern technology that is too easily accessible. With the internet as big as it is, there are so many places to hide information. Then, as soon as the hiding place is found by the enemy, false information is sent to the same hiding place to deceive the enemy. So much information is being received about the same activities, all coming from different sources from modern technology. It is getting more difficult to decipher the information to be true or misleading.

There are many deception methods that are used today to hide and mislead enemies. An often used method is visual deception, such as camouflage, smoke, and decoys. All of which deceive the enemy from reading or analyzing movements or attack strategies. A more popular method using modern technology would be manipulative electronic deception. “Combats enemy EW and signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities. Manipulates friendly forces electromagnetic emissions by modifying technical characteristics and profiles. Denies or deceives the enemy as to friendly intentions.” (“Battlefield Deception”. Field Manual No. 90-2). We can mislead the enemy using false information such as false traffic levels, controlled breaches of security, and false peaks in communications. This allows us to conceal valuable information while feeding the enemy misleading information to have the advantage. Another modern advantage for deception would be the devices that are used. Specialized devices are used to simulate radio frequency, simulate physical and infrared signatures, and shut down enemy radio or electronic signals. This would be useful in deceiving enemies to believe that they are under attack when they aren’t.

Before any of these techniques can be performed, they have to go through a lot of planning and approval. “He says that, after Nikita Khrushchev decided to emplace the missiles in Cuba in the spring of 1962, the General Staff detailed only five officers—four generals and a colonel—to serve as the center of the military planning apparatus. Col. Gen. Semyon Ivanov, chief of the General Staff's Chief Operations Directorate, was in overall charge. During that summer, the circle of collaborators and contacts expanded to include members of each of the relevant service branches, but secrecy and need-to-know prevailed. The most senior officers brought into the plan were at least told that Cuba was involved in the operation, but only a few were informed of the exact nature of the mission.” (Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Learning from the Past, James H. Hansen). According to the same paper, no secretaries were used to type up final texts. “Everything was hand-carried by members of the small coterie of senior officials who were directly involved.” (“Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis.” Learning From the Past. 49-5). It was then approved by 2 officers and wasn’t spoke up for 5 months due to security reasons.

Offensive and Defensive operations are a large part of deception. Offensive operations, “In the offense, the commander must mobilize and deploy his forces while retaining security. Thus, he can avoid sacrificing surprise or drawing a pre-emptive attack. Tightened security is usually maintained while planning a surprise attack.” (“Battlefield Deception”. Field Manual No. 90-2). Offensive operations include night movement, closely controlled traffic, and camouflage. Offensive operations would allow us to strategically place ourselves in a position without the enemies’ knowledge to better our chances in a battle. Defensive operations, “Deception is used in defense to conceal the true locations of our forces in the battle area and to mislead the enemy. By concealing our real location we minimize losses. We cause the enemy to expend fire power and intelligence efforts unprofitably. By misleading the enemy, we can cause him to attack or deploy unwisely.” (“Battlefield Deception”. Field Manual No. 90-2). Defensive operations would include weapon positions that would make the weapons seen, and litter and foot paths or wheel tracks to be tracked by the enemy. The defensive operations allows us to mislead the enemy so that we know where they are heading, either away from our actual direction or towards our direction where we are fully prepared for a battle. Defensive operations allows us to read the enemies’ movements as to our advantage.

A very important part of denial and deception for combined operations is Intelligence. “During war, national intelligence products relating to deceptions must be shared. Deception-specific PIR and IR must be coordinated. Combined feedback mechanisms and procedures should be established. Arrangements must be made to ensure the rapid dissemination of intelligence for the use of multinational assets and capabilities which may be used to portray the deception story.” (“Battlefield Deception”. Field Manual No. 90-2). Intelligence operations includes rumors, newspapers, military communications and no communications emissions, public radio, diplomats, false documents, and agents.

All of these military deception operations are still happening in today’s military. Even with the advancement of technology, advancements of denial and deception are growing at an increasing rate to match with the modern day obstacles. Technology is being created every day to make our soldier’s safer by using operations in both denial and deception.