Week Three Assignment
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What items are reported as inventory for (a) merchandising companies and (b) manufacturing companies?
2. The Potter Company purchased the following merchandise on December 28:
|
Supplier |
Terms |
Amount |
|
Pax Company |
FOB destination |
$1,800 |
|
James Manufacturing |
FOB shipping point |
2,500 |
3. Both purchases were shipped December 30, but neither had been received by December 31. Should the purchases be included in Potter's December 31 ending inventory? Explain.
4. What are goods on consignment? Who has title to goods on consignment?
5. Why is it necessary to take a physical count of inventory at the end of each accounting period?
6. Why is the specific identification method of inventory valuation used infrequently?
7. Discuss the difference between the physical flow of goods and a cost flow assumption.
8. In a period of rising prices, which inventory valuation method (LIFO or FIFO) tends to result in the following?
a. Highest cost of goods sold
b. Lowest inventory valuation
c. Highest income taxes
9. Discuss the advantages of a perpetual inventory system when compared with a periodic system.
10. Which type of inventory system, periodic or perpetual, is increasing in popularity? Briefly explain.
11. Why are two journal entries required to record a sale under a perpetual inventory system?
Exercises
1. Inventory errors and income measurement. The income statements of Keagle Company for 20X3 and 20X4 follow.
|
20X3 |
20X4 |
|
|
Sales |
$100,000 |
$109,000 |
|
Cost of goods sold |
62,000 |
74,000 |
|
Gross profit |
$ 38,000 |
$ 35,000 |
|
Expenses |
26,000 |
22,000 |
|
Net income |
$ 12,000 |
$ 13,000 |
2. A recent review of the accounting records discovered that the 20X3 ending inventory had been understated by $4,000.
a. Prepare corrected 20X3 and 20X4 income statements.
b. What is the effect of the error on ending owner's equity for 20X3 and 20X4?
3. Specific identification method. Boston Galleries uses the specific identification method for inventory valuation. Inventory information for several oil paintings follows.
|
|
Painting |
Cost |
|
1/2 Beginning inventory |
Woods |
$11,000 |
|
4/19 Purchase |
Sunset |
21,800 |
|
6/7 Purchase |
Earth |
31,200 |
|
12/16 Purchase |
Moon |
4,000 |
4. Woods and Moon were sold during the year for a total of $35,000. Determine the firm's
a. cost of goods sold.
b. gross profit.
c. ending inventory.
5. Inventory valuation methods: basic computations. The January beginning inventory of the White Company consisted of 300 units costing $40 each. During the first quarter, the company purchased two batches of goods: 700 units at $44 on February 21 and 800 units at $50 on March 28. Sales during the first quarter were 1,400 units at $75 per unit. The White Company uses a periodic inventory system. Using the White Company data, fill in the following chart to compare the results obtained under the FIFO, LIFO, and weighted-average inventory methods.
|
|
FIFO |
LIFO |
Weighted Average |
|
Goods available for sale |
$ |
$ |
$ |
|
Ending inventory, March 31 |
|
|
|
|
Cost of goods sold |
|
|
|
6. Analysis of LIFO versus FIFO. Indicate whether LIFO or FIFO best describes each of the following:
a. Gives highest profits when prices fall.
b. Yields lowest income taxes when prices rise.
c. Generates an ending inventory valuation that somewhat approximates replacement cost.
d. Matches recent costs against current selling prices on the income statement.
e. Comes closest to approximating the physical flow of goods of a fruit and vegetable dealer.
f. Results in lowest cost of goods sold in inflationary periods.
7. Perpetual inventory system: journal entries. At the beginning of 20X3, Beehler Company implemented a computerized perpetual inventory system. The first transactions that occurred during 20X3 follow.
|
Purchases on account: |
500 units @ $4 = $2,000 |
|
Sales on account: |
300 of the above units = $2,550 |
|
Returns on account: |
75 of the above unsold units |
8. The company president examined the computer-generated journal entries for these transactions and was confused by the absence of a Purchases account.
a. Duplicate the journal entries that would have appeared on the computer printout.
b. Calculate the balance in the firm's Inventory account.
c. Briefly explain the absence of the Purchases account to the company president.
Problems
1. Inventory errors. The income statements of Diamond Company for the years ended December 31, 20X1 and 20X2, follow.
|
|
20X1 |
20X2 |
|
Net sales |
$440,000 |
$483,000 |
|
Cost of goods sold |
|
|
|
Beginning inventory |
$ 95,000 |
$109,000 |
|
Add: Net purchases |
380,000 |
404,000 |
|
Goods available for sale |
$475,000 |
$513,000 |
|
Less: Ending inventory |
109,000 |
127,000 |
|
Cost of goods sold |
366,000 |
386,000 |
|
Gross profit |
$ 74,000 |
$ 97,000 |
|
Operating expenses |
58,000 |
67,000 |
|
Net income |
$ 16,000 |
$ 30,000 |
2. Diamond uses a periodic inventory system. A detailed review of the accounting records disclosed the following:
· A review of 20X1 purchase invoices revealed that a clerk had incorrectly recorded a $12,600 purchase as $1,260.
· A $4,800 purchase was made on December 30, 20X2, terms FOB shipping point. The invoice was not recorded in 20X2, nor were the goods included in the 20X2 ending physical inventory count. Both the goods and invoice were received in early 20X3, with the invoice being recorded at that time.
· Goods costing $3,000 were accidentally excluded from the 20X1 ending physical inventory count. These goods were sold during 20X2, and all aspects of the sale were properly recorded.
Instructions
b. Prepare corrected income statements for 20X1 and 20X2.
b. Determine the impact of the preceding errors on the December 31, 20X2, owner's equity balance.
1. Inventory valuation methods: computations and concepts. Wave Riders Surfboard Company began business on January 1 of the current year. Purchases of surfboards were as follows:
|
1/3: |
100 boards @ $125 |
|
3/17: |
50 boards @ $130 |
|
5/9: |
5/9: 246 boards @ $140 |
|
7/3: |
400 boards @ $150 |
|
10/23: |
74 boards @ $160 |
1. Wave Riders sold 710 boards at an average price of $250 per board. The company uses a periodic inventory system. Instructions
d. Calculate cost of goods sold, ending inventory, and gross profit under each of the following inventory valuation methods:
. First-in, first-out
. Last-in, first-out
. Weighted average
b. Which of the three methods would be chosen if management's goal is to
1. produce an up-to-date inventory valuation on the balance sheet?
2. approximate the physical flow of a sand and gravel dealer?
3. report low earnings (for tax purposes) for a separate electronics company that has been experiencing declining purchase prices?
2. Lower-of-cost-or-market method. Davenport Opticians began business on September 1 of the current year. The following purchases were made during the first few months of operation:
|
|
Reading Glasses |
Sunglasses |
Contact Lenses |
|
9/2 |
1,000 @ $20 |
450 @ $10 |
2,500 @ $5 |
|
10/15 |
750 @ $22 |
200 @ $15 |
2,000 @ $6 |
|
12/6 |
300 @ $25 |
|
1,500 @ $7 |
3. The December 31 physical inventory count revealed the following items on hand: 650 reading glasses, 400 sunglasses, and 1,000 contact lenses. Total sales through year-end were $85,000, and operating expenses (excluding cost of goods sold) totaled $17,800. Davenport uses the FIFO inventory valuation method coupled with a periodic inventory system. Instructions
c. Compute the company's inventory as of December 31. In addition, calculate cost of goods sold and net income through the end of the year.
c. Assume that the manufacturer of contact lenses announced a price decrease to $6.50. Determine the impact of the announcement on the firm's ending inventory valuation.
c. Prepare the journal entry necessary to value the inventory at the lower-of-cost-ormarket value.