final capstone project

Adult Obesity

Lola Olubiyi

NRS 490

Heather Ziemianski

December 2016

Indentifying a Problem

Obesity is the abnormal or excess accumulation of fat within the adipose tissue thus impairing the health of the victims. Obesity is a public health issue that has become a global concern. According to the World Health Organization, over 2.3 billion adults suffer from obesity (World Health Organization, 2012). There is a drop in the prevalence rate of adult obesity in developed countries like the United Kingdom and Germany (Zhao, 2013).

However, there is a continuous rise in the prevalence rate of adult obesity in nations like Pacific regions of Asia. In Japan, the incidence rate increased from 16.7 percent to 46 percent between the year of 1976-1980 and to 24 percent in 2000 while that of China rose from 3.7 percent in 1982 to 19 percent in the year 2002 (Zhao, 2013).

Problem Discussion

Several works of literature show that adult obesity is the causes of the co-morbidities such as the category II diabetes, complications from cardiovascular illness, cancers and other health challenges that result into morbidity and mortality as well. Adult obesity is costly when it comes to its management and therefore, community settings approach in coming up with adult based strategies for the prevention of the adult obesity are more significant. Substantial literature shows that the United States spends a total cost of 1.2 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) in the treatment of adult obesity. In European nations, a total of 10.4 billion Euros is being spent in addressing the issue. According to these pieces of literature, the relative economic burden to the Europe ranges from 0.09 to 0.61 percent of the country's Growth domestic products. China spent a total 2.74 billion of the US dollars for the medical expenditures in the year 2003 (Zhao, 2013).

Measurement of adult obesity is done using Body Mass Index (BMI) whose unit is weight in kilogram (kg). According to the WHO, adult obesity is classified based on the Body Mass Index cutoffs that are set according to the co-morbidities that are associated with the Body Mass Index. Adult obesity among the ageing adults makes it difficult for the nurses to BMI in the classification of the obesity. The reason for this is that BMI sometimes overestimates the adiposity of the ageing adults. It is also not capable of making the discrepancy between the muscle mass and the fat thus making its reliability to be under question. Therefore, anthropometric indices like waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHR), waist to height ration (WHR) and the sagittal abdominal diameter are the recommended approach in the determination of the degree of the fatness among the ageing adults (World Health Organization, 2012).

Impact of Adult Obesity

The impacts of adult obesity are the cases of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. Diabetes causes the elevation of the BMI and the WC in adults with obesity. According to the study by Ruth and Jean (2011), the pooled relative risks in BMI were 6.75 (5.55 to 8.19) among men adults and 12.41 (9.03 to 17.06) in women adults (Ruth, 2011).

The meta-analysis data by Jean and Ruth showed that pooled relative complications in the category of BMI of discrete classes of cancers ranged from 1.05 to 2.29 in men adults while that of women ranged from 1.13 to 3.22 (Ruth, 2011). According to the recent researches by World Cancer Research Fund together with the American Institute for Cancer Research esophagus, colon, rectum, pancreas, postmenopausal, kidney, and the endometrium are the cancers that come as a result of adult obesity (World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, 2014). A study in Asia Pacific regions reveals that there has been a standard deviation increase in the index results in the risk of developing ischemic heart illness (World Health Organization, 2012).

Obesity is caused by hormones, genetic backgroundand varied social and the environmental factors like the sedentary lifestyle and the unhealthy dietary behavior. Dietary cases include the high energy density diet with increase fats, sugary foods, intake of saturated fats, reduced intakes of carbohydrates and the fiber foods, reduction in the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Social inequality influences the diet and health of the community. Environmental interactions, the predisposition of the genetic and the behavior of the community on the gain weight are affected by the adaptation to the environmental agents like behavior, alteration in the behavior that impacts on the genotypes of the community. The adverse environment during postnatal periods causes the development of adult obesity. The negative situation is due to the nutrition of the mother or the perinatal lifestyle of the mother impacts on the program of development in a fetus.

Community health approach in developing the community-based approach to the adult obesity is the effective way of dealing with this issue. The approaches have to be those that develops and implements the prevention strategies of the adult obesity. Some of these approaches can be those that aim at targeting the barriers to changes in the lifestyle of the persons in the community, the socioeconomic and the environmental factors. Variations in the environment of food and the physical activities are important in dealing with the adult obesity. Policies like fiscal food, a must nutrition panels that formulates and reforms the manufacturing of foods, the implementing the labeling of foods and nutrition, and the restriction in the selling and banning the advertisement of unhealthy foods are effective in influencing food environment. Another approach is changing the eating and physical activity behavior of the individuals at the community level. The community must be educated on the aware of the critical of the exercise and the types of food to be taken to reduce the risk of developing obesity. Therefore, it is important to use policy-based community interventions like educating them community.

There should also be a supporting health service and clinical interventions to remove the barriers to the management of the adult obesity. At the level of physician practice, there is a lack of enough time in addressing the adult obesity during continuous clinical visits, no reimbursement, lack of enough training and lower self-efficacy in dealing with obese patients. There is also stigmatization at the patient level, no financial incentives, and challenges in the accessory to the services of obesity management.

When the education and awareness concerning obesity are conducted, the number of patients administered to the clinics will reduce thus reducing the nursing workforce in the administration of the obese patients .

References

Ruth, C. W. (2011, March). Prevention of Overweight and Obesity: How Effective is

The Current Public Health Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3), 765-783.

World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. (2014). Food, Nutrition,

Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research.

World Health Organization. (2012, October 5). Obesity and Overweight.

Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

Zhao, W. (2013).Epidemiologic and Economic Consequences of the Global Epidemics of

Obesity and Diabetes. Nature Med, 12, 62-66.

Lola, good job. Please see my comments within your paper. What is the significance of pronlem and the implications to the nursing profession?

Topic	Task	Completion	Comments/Feedback	Points
Project Topic Identification	· Explains setting and/or context in which nursing problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need is observed.	☐		_____ / 10
	· Explains theproblem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need.	☐		_____ / 10
	· Describes the impact of the project topic on a) the work environment,b) the quality of care provision, and c) patient outcomes.	☐		_____ / 5
	· Discusses the significance of and the implications to the nursing profession.	☐		_____ / 5
	· Proposes a solution to the identified project topic.	☐		_____ / 10
Total	_____ / 40
Question Development	· Identified components of PICOT: P - Population of Focus I - Intervention C - Comparison O - Outcome (T - Time)	☐		_____ / 30
	· PICO (T) question/statement development.	☐		_____ / 10
Total	_____ / 40
Literature Source Selection	· Performance of Rapid Appraisal (see below) on a minimum of 15 peer-reviewed articles.	☐	.	_____ / 100
Total	_____ / 100

�Your header should also include the page number

�This does not really have anything to do with your identified problem since it should be specific to your identified site from week 1.

�Same comment as above. This information is not relevant to this specific site or problem.

�Good use of headers to organize your paper

�Not relevant to this problem at your idenitified site

�This should not be a paragraph by itself