comparitive essay 5 pages with bibliography and atleast 4 secondary sources

Chapter Title: Contents

Book Title: Environment Book Subtitle: An Interdisciplinary Anthology Book Editor(s): Erin Sheley Published by: Yale University Press. (2008) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkqnr.3

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Contents

Interconnections: Cross-Listed Selections for Chapters

in Part One, Concepts and Case Studies xxiii

Why Environmental Studies? 1

The Design and Use of This Book 6

Overture: Nature and Human Perception 9

Martin Buber, “I Contemplate a Tree” in I and Thou (1923), translated by Walter Kaufmann 9

PART ONE Concepts and Case Studies

Keystone Essay: Aldo Leopold, “The Fusion of Lines of Thought” (1935?), 13

Keystone Essay: Gifford Pinchot, from “The Birth of Conservation” in Breaking New Ground (published posthumously, 1947), 13

1. Climate Shock 17

Human activity has altered the atmosphere in what, geologically speaking, is but an instant. Since the industrial revolution, burning carbon fuels has markedly raised carbon dioxide levels. The Greenhouse Effect is linked to a complicated series of chemical, biological, oceanic, meteorological, and atmospheric events. It seems very likely that in the near future global warming will continue and intensify.

John Houghton, from “The Greenhouse Effect” in Global Warming: The Complete Briefing (1997), 22

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Thomas R. Karl and Kevin E. Trenberth, “Modern Global Climate Change” (2003), 25

John Gribbin, from “Earth’s Temperature Trends,” “CO2 and Ice Ages,” and “Oceans and Climate” in Hothouse Earth: The Greenhouse Effect and Gaia (1990), 34

Seamus Heaney, “Höfn” (2004), 49

2. Species in Danger: Three Case Studies 50

The conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity) can focus on different levels of organization—from the biosphere and major biomes like the tropical rainforest through individual ecosystems down to populations and genes—but the level that is most tractable and understandable to the lay person is the species. Here, specific examples illustrate overexploitation, habitat destruction, and introduction of invasive species, the three major causes of species extinction.

I V O R Y A N D E L E P H A N T S

Mafaniso Hara, from International Trade in Ivory from the African Elephant: Issues Surrounding the CITES Ban (1997), 53

Philip Muruthi, Mark Stanley Price, Pritpal Soorae, Cynthia Moss, and Annette Lanjouw, from “Conservation of Large Mammals in Africa: What Lessons and Challenges for the Future?” (2000), 60

I V O R Y- B I L L E D W O O D P E C K E R

David Wagoner, “The Author of American Ornithology Sketches a Bird, Now Extinct” (1979), 63

Jonathan Rosen, from “The Ghost Bird” (2001), 65 United States Fish and Wildlife Service, “Recovery Outline for the

Ivory-billed Woodpecker” (2005), 68

T H E B R O W N T R E E S N A K E A N D T H E AV I A N FA U N A O F G U A M

Alan Burdick, from “It’s Not the Only Alien Invader” (1994), 70 Julie Savidge, from “Extinction of an Island Forest Avifauna by an

Introduced Snake” (1987), 76

3. Nuclear Power: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and the Future 83

In 1979, at Three Mile Island south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River, a series of events, human errors, and equipment malfunctions triggered an accident that alarmed tens of millions. Though there were no serious health or environmental effects, TMI proved that previous expert reports and safety

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projections were unreliable. And the accident could have been worse. In 1986 in Ukraine, a poorly designed reactor suffered a steam explosion and released massive radiation. It was not an accident but a disaster. TMI and Chernobyl effectively halted development of nuclear power in most countries. But is this environmentally wise?

John Jagger, from The Nuclear Lion (1991), 86 L. Ray Silver, from Fallout from Chernobyl (1987), 91 David R. Marples, from “Introduction” to No Breathing Room:

The Aftermath of Chernobyl by Grigori Medvedev (1993), 97 Charles Perrow, from Normal Accidents (1984), 102 Hans Blix, from “Nuclear Power and the Environment” (1989), 107

4. Biotechnology and Genetically Manipulated Organisms: Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly 117

The history of food is to a large extent the history of human manipulation of wild plants and animals. Long before acquiring knowledge of genetics or natural selection, human cultures were changing wild grasses into corn and wheat through cross-breeding, an early form of genetic manipulation. Modern technology allows us to move genes from one species (e.g., a bacterium) into another not closely related to it (e.g., corn). Is this a panacea for the world’s impoverished billions or an ecological disaster in the making?

Paul C. Mangelsdorf, from “Modern Breeding Techniques” in Corn: Its Origin, Evolution, and Improvement (1974), 119

John E. Losey, Linda S. Raynor, and Maureen E. Carter, “Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae” (1999), 124

Lincoln Brower, from “Canary in the Cornfield: The Monarch and the Bt Corn Controversy” (2001), 126

Molly Lesher, “Seeds of Change” (2004), 131

5. The Paradox of Sustainable Development 138

Advocates of sustainable development envision a future that includes environmental protection, economic growth, and social progress. This compelling vision has inspired useful collaboration of government, industry, and civil society. But is sustainable development really sustainable? Despite acceptance of sustainable development as a goal, it remains a notoriously murky concept.

World Commission on Environment and Development, from Our Common Future (1987), 142

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Sharachchandra Lélé, from “Sustainable Development: A Critical Review” (1991), 144

Mathis Wackernagel and William E. Rees, from Our Ecological Footprint (1996), 152

J. C. Kumarappa, from “Standards of Living” in The Economy of Permanence (1945), 157

Joseph Tainter, from The Collapse of Complex Societies (1988), 161 John Clare, from “The Lament of Swordy Well” (1832 – 37), 166

6. Deforestation 172

The exploitation of forests is a global phenomenon. Nineteenth-century North America and the modern Amazon Rainforest illustrate this.

Michael Williams, from Americans and Their Forests (1989), 174 George M. Woodwell, from “Forests at the End of the Second

Millennium” in Forests in a Full World (2001), 178 Robert Pogue Harrison, from Forests: The Shadow of Civilization (1992), 183 Alexis de Tocqueville, from Democracy in America (1835 – 40), translated by

Henry Reeve, 186 John Muir, from “Save the Redwoods” (published posthumously,

1920), 188 William Dietrich, from “The Cutter” in The Final Forest: The Battle

for the Last Great Trees of the Pacific Northwest (1992), 190 Robert K. Anderberg, “Wall Street Sleaze: How the Hostile Takeover

of Pacific Lumber Led to the Clear-Cutting of Coastal Redwoods” (1988), 193

Elizabeth Bishop, “Brazil, January 1, 1502” (1965), 196 Ranee K. L. Panjabi, from The Earth Summit at Rio: Politics, Economics,

and the Environment (1997), 198 Thomas K. Rudel with Bruce Horowitz, from Tropical Deforestation:

Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon (1993), 203 Charles M. Peters, Alwyn H. Gentry, and Robert O. Mendelsohn,

“Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest” (1989), 210

7. War and Peace: Security at Stake 213

In an era of heightened concern for global security, old questions take on new urgency: How do environmental scarcities cause or exacerbate conflicts?

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What impact do warfare and terrorism have on the environment? What constitutes environmental security?

Robert Kaplan, from “The Coming Anarchy” (1994), 216 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),

“Water and Security in the Middle East” (1999), 225 Jeffrey A. McNeely, from “Biodiversity, War, and Tropical Forests”

(2003), 227 Elizabeth L. Chalecki, from “A New Vigilance: Identifying and Reducing

the Risks of Environmental Terrorism” (2002), 232 Amory B. Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, “What Is Real Security?”

(2002), 237 Jeremy Rifkin, from The Hydrogen Economy (2002), 240 Gordon West and John Wilson (U.S. Agency for International

Development), from “The United States and the Iraqi Marshlands: An Environmental Response,” Testimony Before U.S. Congress (2004), 244

8. Globalization Is Environmental 248

Imbalances between rich and poorer nations in capital, military power, human population, and biological diversity create tensions that are often difficult to resolve using international legal and economic arrangements, especially as the latter have frequently been created by the wealthier countries for their own benefit. In what ways does a global economy help ameliorate these imbalances, and in what ways does it compound the problem? How will the environment fare in this global economy?

Thomas L. Friedman, “Politics for the Age of Globalization” from The Lexus and the Olive Tree (1999), 253

Paul Hawken, from “The WTO: Inside, Outside, All Around the World” (2000), 261

Arlene Wilson, from “The World Trade Organization: The Debate in the United States” (2000), 269

Vandana Shiva, from “Economic Globalization Has Become a War Against Nature and the Poor” (2000), 274

9. What Is Wilderness and Do We Need It? 280

What is wilderness and what is its relationship to humans? Can we actually experience wilderness, or does it cease to be wilderness once we have contact with it? Is it enough for wilderness advocates to know that wilderness exists even if they are excluded

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from it? The concept of wilderness is as intractable and as rich as wilderness itself, as the varied, even conflicting views of these writers attest.

William Bradford, “A Hideous and Desolate Wilderness” from Journal (1620 – 35), 282

Henry David Thoreau, from “Walking” (1862), 284 Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness” (1930), 288 Roderick Nash, from “The Value of Wilderness” (1977), 292 William Cronon, from “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back

to the Wrong Nature” (1995), 299 Donald Waller, from “Getting Back to the Right Nature: A Reply to

Cronon’s ‘The Trouble with Wilderness’ ” (1998), 305 Gary Snyder, “Trail Crew Camp at Bear Valley, 9000 Feet. Northern

Sierra—White Bone and Threads of Snowmelt Water” (1968), 309

10. The Urban Environment: Calcutta and Los Angeles 311

The environment of the city and the impact of cities on the environment span the development of urban areas in the nineteenth century to their likely future in the twenty-first. Aspects of this topic include air and water pollution, patterns of urban development and migration, population concerns, and social justice, especially with regard to women, the poor, minorities, and the Third World.

William Wordsworth, “London” from The Prelude, Book VII (1805), 313 World Commission on Environment and Development, from “The Urban

Challenge” in Our Common Future (1987), 315 Anup Shah, from Ecology and the Crisis of Overpopulation: Future Prospects for

Global Sustainability (1998), 320 Michael Carley and Philippe Spapens, from Sharing the World: Sustainable

Living and Global Equity in the Twenty-first Century (1998), 323 Richard T. T. Forman, from Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes

and Regions (1995), 324 Dominique Lapierre, from The City of Joy (1985), translated by Kathryn

Spink, 326 Manimanjari Mitra, from Calcutta in the Twentieth Century: An Urban

Disaster (1990), 329 Mike Davis, from Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster

(1998), 333 Marc Reisner, from Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing

Water (1993 [1986]), 342 Gary Snyder, “Night Song of the Los Angeles Basin” (1986), 348

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PART TWO Foundational Disciplines and Topics

I. Biological Interactions, 353

Keystone Essay: Thomas Berry, from “The Ecozoic Era” (1997), 356

11. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 362

The Bible, Genesis 1:20 – 31, 364 Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, and Jerry M.

Mellilo, from “Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems” (1997), 365

Charles Darwin, from “Galapagos Archipelago” in Voyage of the Beagle (1845), 372

Edward O. Wilson, from “Biodiversity Reaches the Peak” in The Diversity of Life (1992), 375

William Cronon, from “The View from Walden” in Changes in the Land (1983), 377

Donald Worster, from “Thinking Like a River” in The Wealth of Nature (1993), 381

Mark Kurlansky, from “With Mouth Wide Open” in Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World (1997), 386

Michael E. Soulé, “What Is Conservation Biology?” (1985), 391 Charles Elton, from “The Invaders” in The Ecology of Invasions by Animals

and Plants (1958), 398 William R. Jordan III, from The Sunflower Forest (2003), 405

12. Soil and Agriculture 412

Duane L. Winegardner, “The Fundamental Concept of Soil” in An Introduction to Soils for Environmental Professionals (1996), 415

Alfredo Sfeir-Younis and Andrew K. Dragun, from Land and Soil Management: Technology, Economics, and Institutions (1993), 418

Richard Manning, from “The Oil We Eat” (2004), 426 Richard Levins, “Science and Progress: Seven Developmentalist Myths in

Agriculture” (1986), 434 Robert Stock, from “Agrarian Development and Change” in Africa South of

the Sahara (2004), 439 Pablo Neruda, “Ode to Wine” (1954 – 59), translated by

James Engell, 446

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13. Air and Water 449

John Seinfeld and Spyros Pandis, from Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (1998), 454

S. George Philander, from “The Ozone Hole, A Cautionary Tale” in Is the Temperature Rising? (1998), 468

Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone” (1974), 472

Kathryn S. Brown, “The Ozone Layer: Burnt by the Sun Down Under” (1999), 476

Joshua I. Barzilay, Winkler G. Weinberg, and J. William Eley, from The Water We Drink: Water Quality and Its Effects on Health (1999), 478

World Health Organization and UNICEF, from Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, 483

Rodney R. White, from “Water Supply” in North, South and the Environmental Crisis (1993), 486

14. Energy 492 National Commission on Energy Policy, from “Ending the Energy

Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges” (2004), 497

Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow, “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next Fifty Years with Current Technologies” (2004), 507

Michael B. McElroy, from “Industrial Growth, Air Pollution, and Environmental Damage: Complex Challenges for China” (1998), 518

15. Toxicology 531 Alice Hamilton, from Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943), 535 Rachel Carson, from “And No Birds Sing” in Silent Spring (1962), 541 Tina Rosenberg, from “What the World Needs Now Is DDT”

(2004), 549 Sharon Guynup, “Arctic Life Threatened by Toxic Chemicals,

Groups Say” (2002), 551

II. Human Dimensions, 554

Keystone Essay: Rachel Carson, from “The Real World Around Us” (1954), 557

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16. The Inner Life 560

From Mundaka Upanishad, translated by Sanderson Beck, 562 The Bible, Matthew 6:24 – 34, 565 Udana IV.5, “Naga Sutta” (“The Bull Elephant”), translated by John D.

Ireland, 565 From the Iroquois Creation Story, as told in David Cusick, Sketches

of Ancient History of the Six Nations (1827), 567 Francis of Assisi, “The Canticle of Brother Sun” (twelfth-thirteenth

century C.E.), translated by Benen Fahy, O.F.M., 569 Chief Seattle, from “Chief Seattle’s Speech” (reconstructed 1887

[1854]), 571 Lynn White, Jr., from “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis”

in Machina Ex Deo: Essays in the Dynamism of Western Culture (1968), 573

Wendell Berry, from “The Gift of Good Land” in The Gift of Good Land (1981), 575

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “Sacred Science and the Environmental Crisis— An Islamic Perspective” (1993), 580

Tu Wei-Ming, “The Continuity of Being: Chinese Visions of Nature” (1984), 584

Phyllis Windle, from “The Ecology of Grief” (1995), 589

17. Ethics, Philosophy, Gender 594

Kate Soper, from What Is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human (1995), 596

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from “Formation and Transformation” (1817– 24), translated by Bertha Mueller, 602

Ralph Waldo Emerson, from Nature (1836) and from “The Method of Nature” (1841), 603

John Muir, from “Hetch Hetchy Valley” in The Yosemite (1912), 606 Aldo Leopold, from “The Land Ethic” in A Sand County Almanac

(1949), 608 Richard Lewontin, from “Organism and Environment” (1982), 612 Carolyn Merchant, from “Gaia: Ecofeminism and the Earth”

in Earthcare: Women and the Environment (1996), 616

18. Poetry 622

Lucretius, “Alma Venus” from De rerum natura (first century B.C.E.), translated by James Engell, 624

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Tu Fu, “A Traveler at Night Writes His Thoughts” (eighth century C.E.), translated by Burton Watson, 625

Wang Wei, “Stopping by the Temple of Incense Massed” (eighth century C.E.), translated by Stephen Owen, 626

Meng Jiao, “A Visit to the South Mountains” (eighth-ninth century C.E.), translated by Stephen Owen, 627

Matsuo Bashō, “You Summer Grasses!” and “Into the Old Pond” (seventeenth century C.E.), translated by Daniel C. Buchanan, 628

Navajo Songs, from “Beautyway” (traditional), 629 William Wordsworth, “Nutting” (1798), 631 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison”

(1797), 634 Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Mont Blanc” (1816), 636 Robert Frost, “Spring Pools” (1928), 641 Wallace Stevens, “The Planet on the Table” (1953), 642 A. R. Ammons, “Corsons Inlet” (1965), 643 Mary Oliver, “The Kingfisher” (1990), 646

19. History and the Environment 649

Donald Worster, from “Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History” (1990), 650

William Cronon, from “Modes of Prophecy and Production: Placing Nature in History” (1990), 654

Leo Marx, from “Sleepy Hollow, 1844” in The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (1964), 656

Lawrence Buell, from The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (1995), 659

Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., from The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1972), 661

Patricia Nelson Limerick, from “Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West” in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (2000), 665

Samuel P. Hays in collaboration with Barbara D. Hays, from Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955 – 1985 (1987), 668

20. Nature Writing 676

Matsuo Bashō, from “Prose Poem on the Unreal Dwelling” (1691), translated by Donald Keene, 678

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J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, from Letters from an American Farmer (1782 – 84), 680

Gilbert White, from The Natural History and Antiquities of Selbourne in the County of Southampton (1789), 682

William Wordsworth, from Guide to the Lakes (1810), 684 Eliza Farnham, from Life in Prairie Land (1846), 685 Henry David Thoreau, from “The Bean-Field” in Walden (1854) and from

“Ktaadn” (1848) in The Maine Woods (1864), 686 Aldo Leopold, from “Thinking Like a Mountain” in A Sand County

Almanac (1949), 689 John Steinbeck, from The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1941, revised 1951),

692 Annie Dillard, “Teaching a Stone to Talk” (1982), 693 Gretel Ehrlich, from “On Water” in The Solace of Open Spaces (1985), 698 John Elder, from “Succession” in Reading the Mountains of Home

(1998), 700

III. Social Connections, 704

Keystone Essay: William O. Douglas, Dissenting Opinion in Sierra Club v. Morton (Mineral King), U.S. Supreme Court (1972), 706

21. Politics and Public Policy 710

Ken Saro-Wiwa, from Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy (1992), 712 Richard N. L. Andrews, from Managing the Environment, Managing

Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy (1999), 715 Zygmunt J. B. Plater, Robert H. Abrams, William Goldfarb, and Robert L.

Graham, from “The Three Economies” in Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society (1998), 727

David Pepper, from “Science and Society: Influencing the Answers Obtained” in Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction (1996), 730

Ranee K. L. Panjabi, from The Earth Summit at Rio: Politics, Economics, and the Environment (1997), 732

John Barry, from Rethinking Green Politics: Nature, Virtue, and Progress (1999), 735

Lee Quinby, from “Ecofeminism and the Politics of Resistance” (1990), 736

Cynthia Hamilton, “Women, Home, and Community: The Struggle in an Urban Environment” (1990), 738

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22. Law and Environmental Justice 746

Lynton Caldwell, from “Environmental Aspects of International Law” in International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (1990), 748

C. M. Abraham and Sushila Abraham, from “The Bhopal Case and the Development of Environmental Law in India” (1991), 753

Warren Burger, TVA v. Hill, U.S. Supreme Court (1978), 759 Antonin Scalia, Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, U.S. Supreme Court

(1992), 764 Robert D. Bullard, from “Environmental Justice for All” in Unequal

Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color (1994), 766 Christopher H. Foreman, Jr., from “Political and Policy Limitations of

Environmental Justice” in The Promise and Peril of Environmental Justice (1998), 770

23. Economics 774

Herman Daly, from Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (1996), 777

Cutler J. Cleveland, Robert Costanza, Charles A. S. Hall, and Robert Kaufmann, from “Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective” (1984), 781

Theodore Panayotou, from Green Markets: The Economics of Sustainable Development (1993), 787

Thomas H. Tietenberg, from “Using Economic Incentives to Maintain Our Environment” (1990), 795

Robert Costanza, “Valuation of Ecosystems Services and Natural Capital” (1996), 798

Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, from Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (1999), 801

Garrett Hardin, from “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968), 805

24. Human Population 807

Thomas R. Malthus, from An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798, revised 1826), 808

Anup Shah, from Ecology and the Crisis of Overpopulation: Future Prospects for Global Sustainability (1998), 811

Barry Commoner, from The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (1971), 815

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J. H. Parry, from The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966), 818 Jared Diamond, from “Lethal Gift of Livestock” in Guns, Germs, and Steel:

The Fates of Human Societies (1997), 823 Joel E. Cohen, from How Many People Can the Earth Support?

(1995), 827

25. Anthropology 831 George Catlin, from Letters and Notes on the . . . North American Indians

(1841), 834 Joe Kane, from “With Spears from All Sides” (1993), 837 Raymond Bonner, from “Whose Heritage Is It?” in At the Hand of Man

(1993), 842 Helen Corbett, “The Rights of Indigenous Peoples” (1996), 849 Rigoberto Queme Chay, from “The Corn Men Have Not Forgotten Their

Ancient Gods” (1993), 850 Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine, from “Where Have All the

Languages Gone?” in Vanishing Voices (2000), 853

Coda

26. Conviction and Action 859

The environment and environmental issues are complex, organically connected, and massively detailed. To understand them, and then to act in ways that will protect the environment, avert disasters, and maintain both global and human health, requires nothing less than a redefinition of what it means to be human. Any one program or statement is insufficient. A new environmental consciousness will alter daily habits, economic planning, politics, spiritual orientations, the dedication of educational efforts, and the direction of scientific thinking.

Scott Russell Sanders, “Buckeye” in Writing from the Center (1995), 862 Archie Carr, “A Dubious Future” (1963) in A Naturalist in Florida:

A Celebration of Eden (1994), 867 David S. Wilcove and Thomas Eisner, “The Impending Extinction

of Natural History” (2000), 872 David Orr, “Is Conservation Education an Oxymoron?” (1990), 875 Richard White, from “Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a

Living?” (1995), 879 U.N. Convention on Environment and Development, Earth Charter

Preamble (1991), 884

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James Gustave Speth, from Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment, A Citizen’s Agenda for Action (2004), 885

Web Connections 889

About the Editors 897

Acknowledgments 899

Selection Credits 901

Index 915

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