taking notes
basil8850
community_oriented_policing_chapter_one.pptxCommunity Oriented Policing
Community Policing
Community Policing is an idea whose time has come.
The text indicates that previous methods of policing have failed and there is a need for change.
As police leadership and communities look for answers many are looking at Community Policing
What is Community Policing?
Why is it seen as important?
Community Policing
Some say that COP is just new wine in an old bottle
It is just a return to old fashion policing
Text, “turning back the policing clock would prove detrimental to the profession and the citizens served
Community Policing
These critics miss the fact that COP is more than making a case for methods and practices utilized by the police.
It is an argument for changing the way that we think about policing, for the police and the public
Think about your local police department
How do they see their role with the community?
How do the citizens see the police?
Community Policing
Community Policing seeks to instill a sense of community and improve the quality of life
This is achieve through decentralization and three components
Strategic policing- redistribution of traditional police resources
Neighborhood oriented policing – the interaction of police and all community members to reduce crime and fear of crime through a proactive approach
Problem-oriented policing – a concerted effort to resolve the causes of crime rather than the symptoms
Community Policing
Policing in the U.S. has been under going a period of rapid change since Sept. 11, 2001
The threat of terrorism and the efforts of Homeland Security have caused the police to rethink their role
What does Terrorism have to do with COP?
Community Policing
Community Policing is nothing new. It can trace its roots back to the first conceptual model of policing and the first police department
Policing dates back to pre-2100 B.C. The first police force enforced the Code of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon
The first change in policing occurred when King Alfred established Frank-Pledge System in England.
The Frank-Pledge emphasized social control
If there was a crime they raised the “hue and a cry” and the community came to assist them
Community Policing
The community was divided into groups of ten. Each group was responsible for the actions of their group members and any criminal act was handled within the community. Groups of 10 = tithing
The groups of ten were over seen by the Shire-reeve (Sheriff)
How would this system change crime and our communities today?
Community Policing
Changes in Policing
Rebel barons succeed in forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta giving them certain rights
“Hue and Cry” and “watch and ward” seen as successful
Night and day patrol established
All males 15 to 60 required to retain firearms inside their homes.
What similarities and differences do we see today?
These and other community oriented policing practices remained in effect for 500 years until the first police department was established
Community Policing
In England, the Industrial Revolution helped cause major change within every fabric of society
Rising crime rates necessitated a change and called for advanced methods of social control.
Community Policing
1829, Sir Robert Peel, passed the Metropolitan Police Act. Citizens were afraid they would become another military force
Led to the first major police force
Housed in an old palace for Scottish royalty – Scotland Yard
No firearms
Robert Peel (Bobbies)
Community Policing
Sir Robert Peel Utilized Community Policing
The police are the public and the public are the police
Why does this mean and what is it important?
Community Policing
Peel felt that the police should be responsive to community needs
That police forces should be well-trained, committed and ethical
They should be under the control of the government and accountable to the people
He wanted a centralized police force (why)
Demand for community relations
Policing in the New Frontier
Declaration of Independence
Created a government whose power is vested in the people
Jefferson detailed the rights of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Government created by the consent of the people
U.S. Constitution
System of checks and balances to prevent dictatorial rule and despotism
How does COP fit into this system?
How does COP fit into a system of checks and balances
Policing in the New Frontier
The Preamble
We the people of the United States of America, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish the Constitution for the United States of America.
How do you feel that law enforcement is meeting these ideals?
How law enforcement carries out their duties will either help or hinder these pursuits
Policing in the New Frontier
Bill of Rights
Purpose is to protect the people from the government
Freedom of speech, freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, jailing without PC
Protection from government intrusion
Some today are indicating that the Constitution is out-dated and should be replaced. What are your thoughts?
Policing must follow the Constitution or we will lose public trust which is crucial to COP
Policing in the New Frontier
Alexander Hamilton
There is one transcendent advantage belonging to the province of the State governments, which alone suffices to place the matter in a clear and satisfactory light – I mean the ordinary administration of criminal and civil justice. This, of all others, is the most powerful, most universal, most attractive source of popular obedience and attachment.
It is this which, being the immediate and visible guardian of life and property, having its benefits and its terrors in constant activity before the public eye, regulating all those personal interests and familiar concerns to which the sensibilities of individuals is more immediately awake……….
For many people, contact with the police is their main interaction with government
Policing in Young America
Sheriff was the main law enforcement
1838 first police department in Boston.
Only patrolled in the daytime. Volunteers at night
New York followed in 1845 (7 years later)
Philadelphia in 1854
Pendleton Act passed to prevent political appointments, corruption and scandals at the federal level. Many local governments followed
Policing in Young America
Two key events had a dramatic effect on policing
The Boston Police Strike
The passage of the Volstead Act
Boston Police Strike – 1000 police officers when on strike, Riots broke out, state militia called out. Police wanted union representation
Volstead Act – the enforcement side of Prohibition
Increased demands on police
Led to an increase in corruption
Why does the text highlight these two events?
Policing in Young America
This era is known as the Political Era
The police were decentralized, were close to the community, and they were well entrenched in the politics of the locale,
However, several problems arose
Policing in Young America
The next era is known as the Reform Era
Marked by the Wickersham commission report on professionalism
Key players were August Vollmer, O.W. Wilson and J. Edgar Hoover
Supreme Court decisions played a role
The reform era was essentially the professionalization of the police and a concern for their effectiveness
Most police departments moved towards centralization
Why did they do this?
This remained the predominate method of policing through the 20th century
Policing and Community Relations
| Era of Policing | Premise | Years |
| Political Relations | Political | 1776-1930 |
| Public Relations | Objectivity | 1930-1960 |
| Police-Community relations | Advocacy | 1960-1985 |
| Community-Oriented Policing | Partnerships | 1985-Present |
Where do you feel that your local police
department falls on this list?
Have we really transitioned to COP?
Policing in Young America
TABLE 1-3 PAGE 10
Policing in Young America
Malcom Sparrow saw the Political and Reform Eras as the two eras of “Traditional Policing”
The police were principally responsible for law enforcement and were highly centralized and governed by rules, regulations, and policy and they were accountable to the law
Law enforcement was in society, but not part of society
Police described as impersonal or oriented towards crime solving rather than responsive to the emotional crisis of the victim
Policing in Young America
Summarize Table 1-4 Page 12
Historical Roots
Community Policing consists of two complimentary core components
Community Partnerships
Problems Solving
Does the current law enforcement response focus on problem-solving?
The concept of COP has been with the law enforcement community since its founding
It is not just a program but a philosophy
The New Mode of Policing
The new mode of policing focused on the relationship of the police and community in terms of public relations
Holcomb, “good public relations can be summed up very briefly. It amounts to doing a good, efficient job in a courteous manner and then letting the public know about it.”
Under this premise the police had little desire to integrate with the public. They responded to the public only as needed to keep them satisfied. The police distanced themselves from the public and an “us vs them” attitude arose
Points to Remember
Public relations policing can exist on its own, but Community Policing cannot exists without public relations.
According to the text you must have the entire department involved in COP, it can not be just a few officers or a small percentage
Table 1-5
Generations of Policing
Three Generations of Policing
Political
Reform
Community
Three Generations of Community Oriented Policing
Innovation (1979-1986)
Diffusion (1987-1994)
Institutionalization (1995-Present)
Institutionalization – denotes the fact that community-oriented policing has become so wide spread within American policing that a vast majority of agencies lay at least some claim to having implemented COP
