taking notes
basil8850
chapter_6_oriented_policing_1.pptxImplementing Community-Oriented Policing Chapter 6
Implementation
Community-Oriented Policing has three integral parts
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Neighborhood-Oriented Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing
When used together they form a conceptual and practical framework.
To implement this framework all three components must be integrated into a continual process that operated on the theory of mutual dependence.
Implementation
This style of policing does not work on a consecutive or cyclic manner
It is a web of interdependence where each component compliments the others
All of the components must work together to reduce crime, community fear levels, etc
Implementation
The most difficult part of COP is transforming policy into action.
How does a department transform the COP philosophy into some type of executable program
It requires extensive research
Implementation becomes the most critical aspect of COP
Implementation
Police administrators must be aware of the potential obstacles to COP
It will affect the line officers, which can add or detract to the implementation process.
What is the environment of the department and the attitudes of the officers.
The climate of the department must be taken seriously
Implementation
The climate of a department includes a wide variety of variables
Two predominant factors
Management
Organizational structure
Implementation
Management
If supervisors currently have a good working relationship with officers and provide leadership, discipline and control then the potential for successfully implementing COP increases
Equally important is the organizational structure; it should have a clear chain of command, strong division of labor, unity of command, and a reasonable span of control
Isn’t this counter to previous calls for decentralization and employee empowerment in COP
Implementation
Departments in the west are more likely to implement COP
Organizational age is a factor – The older a department the more likely they are to successfully implement COP
Population Mobility had a positive influence on implementation because mobile populations are more receptive to such programs
Implementation
COP funding from the federal government and those agencies that have formal structures of control (policies, directives, etc)
Police Chief turnover – the more turnover, the less likely to implement COP
The most influential factors is an agencies previous implementation of COP. Prior implementation allows and agency to build on the past
Implementation
What is management’s ability to implement change
Any organization will resist change
Police departments will resist change even more
You have to change the subculture and the bureaucracy two of the most difficult components to change
It is a long-term process
Who is the customer?
COP in Action –Page 131-132
Review
Question – Why does law enforcement have a hard time identifying with their customer base?
Have we lost sight of who our customer is? Who we are here to serve?
Implementation
The management technique of instrumentalism is the key to full implementation over the long term because it assists management with institutionalizing COP without being excessively intrusive into operations and to allow for experimenting.
Five stages for implementation
Planning stage
Moving through the micro-community-oriented policing stages
Transitional
Macro-Community-Oriented Policing stages
The institutionalization of the original policy
Implementation
One would assume that the community would initiate the COP programs
However, realizing the current state of life in the U.S. the community is often broken, transient or non-existent in the sense that members of the community desire to remain anonymous, are apathetic and do not want to get involved.
They just want the government to clean up their neighborhoods and solve their problems.
Implementation
The primary group who participate in COP and voluntarism are
Homeowners
Middle-Class
Well-Educated
Married With Children
This group will have their own priorities and set of problems
Implementation
The poor, undereducated, disorganized citizens will likely have a greater need for police and COP services
You end up with the situation where those who need the program the most will be the least likely to get it. They will be less likely to implement it, participate in it and less likely to support police efforts
How do you overcome this problem?
Implementation
Who initiates?
The police can initiate and the community responds
The community can initiate and the police respond
The community can initiate and the community responds
The police can initiate and the police respond
The best response, The police and community initiate and the police and community respond (this is ideal community-oriented policing)
Who Initiates
| I | II |
| III | IV |
V
Responders
Initiators
Police
Police
Community
Community
Implementation
It is likely that the police will be the ones to initiate COP. But they must continually try to involve the public and other agencies and organizations
Drawbacks
The police can initiate a program with the intent of involving the community. The may find they had success without the public and they may find it easier. The police may exclude the community from future attempts
The community may realize that the police are having some success without them and resign themselves to a state of learned helplessness. They may become so dependent on the police that the abdicate all authority and responsibility to the police alone
Drawbacks
As the police attempt to draw the community into the systematic approach the community may become suspicious, reluctant, and possibly even militant towards the police.
The police may have to sell the concept to an unwilling public
Drawbacks
In some instances the community may need to sell the concept to an unwilling police department. This has the benefit of outlining what the public wants because they are usually vocal at this point
The police may be so well entrenched in their old methodology that they may resist change
The public may take matters into their own hands, over step boundaries and even resort to vigilantism
Implementation
The fifth alternative is ideal with both the police and community initiating and responding to the issues.
The ideal initiation would revolve around three components
Strategic oriented policing
Neighborhood oriented policing
Problem oriented policing
Neighborhood Development
The issue of who initiates deals with the willingness of the police and community to adopt COP
To be truly “community oriented the main focus should be on the conditions of each neighborhood.
Not all communities are equal and not every group should receive the same response.
Neighborhood Development
There are four types of neighborhoods
Strong
Vulnerable
Anomic
Responsive
The two key variables are
The level of crime and disorder
Level of dependence for dealing with crime and disorder
Neighborhood Development
Strong Neighborhood
One where crime is low and the neighborhood members are either interacting interdependently on issues of community disorder or they are organizing themselves to do so
Vulnerable Neighborhoods
Have low levels of crime and disorder but they are also low in terms of community development
Neighborhood Development
Anomic Neighborhood
High in crime and disorder and low in neighborhood development
Responsive Neighborhood
High in crime and disorder, but are working together with the police to resolve them
The type of neighborhood determines the policing style
So what is the real world application? Examples
Neighborhood Development
Strong Neighborhood Policing style
Supporting and recognizing
Need little assistance from the police
Should be recognized for the achievements to maintain low levels of crime
Vulnerable Policing Style
Substituting and Selling
While they do not have a crime problem they can use assistance in helping them to organize to deal with problems
The police should work to build strong communities by substituting quality of life issues
Neighborhood Development
The third style “securing then organizing”
This is for neighborhoods that have serious crime problems that need to be secured prior to organizing the community to deal with problems
Similar to “weed and seed” programs
Problems can be so complex it may take be to much for one agency
Utilize schools, churches, social services, etc
The Three Components
The first step in implementation should be strategic –oriented policing
Directed patrols, aggressive patrols and saturated patrols
The initial goals is to drive the crime out or to at least drive it underground or behind doors
The police can not stay in one place forever.
This is where neighborhood-policing comes into play
The Three Components
This give a community respite from the problem and it reduces fear levels
It allows time to implement COP without the concerns the problem element created
It provides time for the program to take hold, allowing it to grow stronger
The Three Components
The type of neighborhood policing should result from community/police cooperation
All types of programs should be considered;
Community patrols
Community crime prevention
Foot patrols
Bike patrols
Neighborhood watch
Clean up days
Block parties
Citizen patrols
Citizen academies
The Three Components
Problem-Oriented Policing plays a major role in COP and it is a continuous process
Problem-Oriented Policing should commence at the same time as strategic policing and should never stop
POP may assist in the identification of the problem
May help determine the root problem
POP may be conducted entirely separate from the other two and later integrated
Neither program operates independently, nor are they mutually exclusive
The Three Components
When officers and citizens are acquainted citizens felt this allowed them more leeway. Familiarity breeds contempt
The belief that minority officers work better in minority neighborhoods is false.
Citizens of races different from those of police officers where more compliant.
The interrelationship of the three components becomes key to COP. All three must be present.
Ideally all three should be diffused into the community and they should begin to occur simultaneously
Incrementalism
The incremental method of change is slow moving that allows a manager to implement change on an acceptable level
The task is brought down to smaller size and is more manageable.
Personnel adapt more easily
You do not have to make big changes that require predictions beyond their knowledge
You can test each step before moving on
You can fix a potential error before it becomes too big
Incrementalism
Logical incrementalism – 5 stages
General concern: a vague felt awareness of an issue or opportunity
Broadcasting of the general idea without details. The idea is floated for reactions and for refinements
Formal development of a change plan
Use of a crisis or opportunity to stimulate implementation of the change plan
Adaptation of the plan as the implementation progresses
Incrementalism
Incrementalism is especially important when trying to move a traditional department towards COP
11 leadership actions
Use multiple information sources
Build organizational awareness of change
Legitimize new viewpoints
Use tactical shifts and partial solutions to refine ideas
Establish political support and overcome opposition
Maintain flexibility
Use trial balloons and systematic waiting
Create pockets of commitment
Crystallize organizational focus
Formalize commitments to adopt the change
Stages
| Stage | Est. Timetable | |
| I | Planning | 6 Months to 2 Years |
| II | Micro-Community oriented policing | 1 ½ to 4 Years |
| III | Transition | 2 ½ to 7 years |
| IV | Macro Community oriented policing | 4 ½ to 10 Years |
| V | Community-Oriented Policing | 6 ½ to 14 years |
The Four Stages
The first stage is planning
The department and the community should establish their long-term goals
The formation stage which ends with the community and the police commence incremental change
Identify the police and community participants
The must be strong collaboration and both parties must commit to COP
A formal policy is developed, new mission statement
Select targets
The Four Stages
Stage Two – Micro- Community Oriented Policing
The department begins to test some of the concepts and programs, synthesis the three components of COP,
Does not make major changes to the department
Develop a test site
May for a small team or special unit
A target is selected from stage one and you commence with strategic oriented policing
Once you begin to see results you move to step three
The Four Stages
Potential problems
By isolating a specialized team they may be subject to department ridicule
Everyone not on the team may feel exempt from COP
If the unit develops information about community concerns it is difficult to get the rest of the dept. to listen
The organization may not continue to look for ways to improve community relations
The Four Stages
Stage Three – Transition
The department begins to apply the systemic approach to COP
COP should commence to all officers on the dept.
The department begins implementation starting at the time of an employees hiring and recruitment
The Four Stages
Stage Four Macro-Community Oriented Policing
Begins at the point the entire department has seen some implementation and ends with full implementation
In should no longer apply to only target areas in the community, the entire community is involved.
Complete decentralization of the department should be apparent
All three components operating consistently
The Four Stages
Stage Five – Community Oriented Policing
The entire department has been decentralized, all three components fully implemented, power has shifted to the community
Most departments are in the micro COP stage, very few in the Macro COP Stage
It will take commitment and dedication
