taking notes
basil8850
_chapter_three.pptxStrategic-Oriented Policing
Utah Valley University
Chapter Three
Darren Falslev
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Let’s take back our streets
Reuben Greenburg
Strategic-Oriented Policing is the first component of community-oriented policing
This method has also been called
Order maintenance policing
Broken Windows Policing
Zero-Tolerance Policing
Can you have zero-tolerance policing and have a good community relationship? According to the text they have a negative connotation
Strategic-Oriented Policing
The concept broadens traditional police practices and procedures into a more beneficial model conducive to the goals of establishing all of the tenets of community-oriented policing.
It is the catalyst for all of the ideas that eventually will unfold within the community and it allows for a smooth transition into the other components
Using a slightly altered method the police do not have to adapt everything immediately. They police and the community can transition at a slower pace
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Goldstein, “the police always have available to them the option of increasing their enforcement of laws that might bear on a specific problem
Although they may not routinely enforce them because they lack the resources, the problem has a low priority, of enforcement has been judged to be ineffective
Strategic –oriented policing enforces laws oriented on a specific problem
This may include modifying and passing new laws.
i.e. nuisance laws, rental laws, panhandling laws,etc
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Goldstein indicates that there are three problems that arise;
First, historically the police have lacked the necessary resources to accomplish their mission. There is always a need for additional manpower, equipment and training.
One advantage of COP is that at least we are putting resources where data indicates there is a problem
The department can pull officers from multiple divisions for a short amount of time
Volunteers
Departments usually can not maintain this for a long period of time.
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Second, strategic policing recognizes that often many of these problems have extremely low priority within a police department.
Why are we doing something that the department feels has a low priority
Determining what has top priority may be a challenge. One area may appear to need immediate attention, despite crime statistics that place it in a low priority
The goal then is to determine which area is in the greatest need, not just by crime statistics but by talking with the officers who work in the area and find out were the public feels their needs to be a stepped up police presence
We usually fail to ask the public what they feel is important
We can do great police work, but if we do not address what the community wants we have failed.
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Third, the idea of judging the police presence to be ineffective has generally in the past been based upon arrest statistics going up and crime rates going down.
This approach can not longer be the sole basis for determining whether the police are being effective
Remember crime rates should go up.
The quality of living for the community must also be explored , along with reduced fear and crime perceptions within the community
This must be done before implementing the programs and on an on-going basis
Strategic-Oriented Policing
There are no limitations to the methods that can be used under strategic policing
It is only important to remember that the basic goal remains the effective control of crime
The determination of where strategic policing will be implemented is known as targeting
Three types of patrol will be used;
(1) directed (2) aggressive (3) saturated
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Drug tactics Page 51
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Targeting
Targeting is a term used to give credence to the fact that the police are not randomly conducting proactive patrols but are focusing on specific places for specific reasons. To address a specific problem.
However, because this is a process to foster a sense of community, the community must be involved.
To determine what problems need to be targeted
What takes precedence
How is the strategic policing to be utilized
This should not be downward communication but lateral
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Some may argue that having employees and common citizens as members of this focal group is pointless because those in leadership positions are better equipped to handle to handle problem analysis and to solve the problem.
If this is the attitude they are not practicing COP. This is how we got to the point traditional law enforcement is at.
Strategic-Oriented Policing
James Q. Wilson and George Kelling
Forcing them to cooperate by knocking heads together at the top rarely works; what department heads promise the mayor (and citizens) they will do may bear little relationship to what their rank and file employees actually do.
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Inclusion of the police officers is extremely important simply because they are there in the community, day in and day out, dealing with the problems. They have a perspective related to the overall picture of what plaques a community and they can communicate in organizational terms.
The officers can not only provide the facts of the problem, but also educated insight into the problem
The officers the officers are part of the community
Does where an officers resides have an impact?
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Supervisors should hold regular “district cabinet” meetings to discuss and solve problems
Who should be involved?
Social Services, DCFS
Health Department
Church Groups
Media
Probation departments
Fire departments
Landlords
Housing Departments
School Officials
Business’
People from all walks of life
Others
Safe School Meetings
Who is invited to the meeting would be based upon the problem
Strategic-Oriented Policing
One of the most innovative means for targeting has come through computer technology and satellite GPS systems
Geo-mapping
Allows you to combine crime reports, 911 calls and geographical data to target crime
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Strategic-Oriented Policing Salt Lake City
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Why would an agency not share data
Control
Respect a victim’s privacy
Strategic-Oriented Policing
Mapping has proven highly advantages not only for the police who can use the information to target specific crimes in specific areas, but for citizens who can track the types of crimes in their neighborhood
Directed Patrols
The first method of strategic-oriented policing is a technique known as directed patrol.
This is the easiest because it is easily implemented and it has the least drain on resources
This can be based upon officers’ discretion, crime analysis, or a specific complaint. This officers are required to simply check an area involved in their designated assignment in between calls
In Arlington Beach, Virginia officers are required to pick on criminal and one traffic directed patrol each month and then record the number of checks, the number of contacts and the number of arrests.
Directed Patrols
One of the common complaints among officers assigned to directed patrols is that they are unable to perform the checks and/or they are pulled away to answer other calls.
You may want to divide the units into a “split-force” patrol where units are designated to patrol or see to directed patrols. Assignments should be rotated to give equal chance to everybody and so one unit does not end up with all the reports to write and to help eliminate friction between officers
Studies show that crimes usually decrease with directed patrols
Aggressive Patrols
The second method of strategic policing utilizes methods known as aggressive patrol or aggressive order maintenance.
Aggressive patrol is an increased pressure on specific criminal or social order problems
Aggressive order patrol includes rousing or arresting people thought to cause public disorder, field interrogations, roadblocks, surveillance of suspicious people, vigorous enforcement of public order and nuisance laws and in general paying greater attention to minor crimes which are thought to disrupt and displease the public
Aggressive Patrols
The aggressive tactics must be within the legal and societal controls placed on police.
Aggressive patrols merely increase the quantity of contacts for a particular situation in an attempt to solve the problem
Field stops, field interviews (FI), etc
Graveyards –stop every car between 2 and 4 a.m.
This serves as a deterrent and can be used to identify suspects who commit crime. An increase can have a profound effect on crime.
Aggressive Patrols
James Q. Wilson
This technique can be more effective in reducing crime than continually passing new laws
Traffic Enforcement has always been a key mission for the police and the enforcement of traffic laws contributes to maintaining social order, educates the public and provides a valuable community service
The amount of criminal activity discovered during traffic stops, which would not have otherwise been discovered, is a testimony to the use of aggressive patrols
The use of aggressive patrols means an officer is assigned to a particular area to issue citations without broad discretion.
Have you ever wonder why you did not get a warning or break?
Aggressive Patrols
Randomly issuing citations for traffic violations may or may not deter individual drivers from breaking the law and it is very doubtful it has any effect on the general public
Isn’t this what the police do everyday?
Despite the fact that aggressive traffic patrol is directed at traffic, it also significantly impacts the criminal element and reduces crime
Can use felony cars, unmarked and/or plain-clothed officers
Aggressive Patrols
Another method that has gained popularity of the years is targeting habitual or repeat offenders
What are your thoughts on the police “targeting a certain offender?”
This includes working with the prosecutor to ensure no plea bargains, harsher penalties, etc
Aggressive Patrols
Targeting of habitual or repeat offender programs have proven to be very successful and many of these offenders have been removed from the street for a long period of crime.
This follows the theory that the police spend most of their time with a small segment of society, by removing this small element, the police are free from this restrictive fact of policing
Aggressive Patrols
Although aggressive patrols are expensive they are also a costly drain on police resources
Text, “although, initially expensive, the goal is for offenders to receive longer jail sentences, preventing officers from spending too much time on these endeavors.”
How much time would we have if we did not keep responding to the same problem or same individual over and over
Aggressive Patrols
Review COPS IN ACTION - Page 61
Aggressive Patrols
Two final types of aggressive patrol
The stakeout and the sting
In a sting the police establish some type of false front to capture a large portion of a specific criminal element
i.e. pawnshops
With a stakeout the police essentially establish a hidden position within a store or crime prone area and wait for a crime to occur and then react. If used arbitrarily they are ineffective, if employed based upon information and data, they can be effective
Water reservoir copper thefts, pharmacy burglaries, business burgs, laptop in the court area, etc.
Saturated Patrols
The third form of patrol under strategic – oriented policing is saturation patrol
Saturation patrols are the most difficult and it is the largest drain on police resources
It is the greatest show of force and can have a negative effect on the community and relations.
However, if implemented with the cooperation of the community there will generally be community support
Saturated Patrols
Saturation patrols involves forming as collection of officers from various shifts and assignments, all in uniform, saturating a predesignated area in a show of force.
The show of force can be through multiple arrests, investigative stops or traffic stops of people coming and going from the area. Once the initial impact of the arrest are made, generally over a three day period, the police must maintain the show of force for an additional period, approximately a week to a month.
The goal is to drive the criminal element out of the area by temporarily displacing or eliminating the criminal or order problem.
Saturated Patrols
What perceptions does this type of activity leave you with?
What are your thought on the militarization of local police?
What about the events in Ferguson, Missouri 8/2014
What thoughts do these images bring?
Saturated Patrols
Saturation patrols
Open –air drug markets
Vice operations
homeless
Drunks
Aggressive panhandlers
Others?
If properly implemented it is an effective tools, it may only displace crime to another location
Assessment
There are usually three problems that arise with strategic-oriented policing
The duration of success for these programs
The effect these strategies have on the community
The perception that this component in and of itself is COP
Assessment
While Strategic Oriented Policing has proven to be effective at reducing crime and citizen fear rates it impacts are only short term.
As soon as the police return to normal levels the criminal elements return
Assessment
Strategic policing can have a negative effect on the publics attitude towards the police
Goldstein, “too often they constitute the only response that the police make to a worsening situation. Reflecting a narrowly limited concept of what the police can do and a lack of imagination and initiative.
Resentment or direct hostility towards the police from residents in minority areas because they feel they are the true targets of these police tactics.
The goals of these patrols are quickly negated by this reaction because the overall goal was a better relationship with police, not alienation
Assessment
Kelling, “these are short term, unwise and potentially dangerous approaches. The continue to rely on centralized authority.
Citizens see the police as against them, not as acting in their behalf.
Strategic-oriented policing gives police and the community time to analyze, create and implement programs that address the community needs and too replace the negatives that were displaced with positive influences
Neighborhood-Oriented Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing
If done properly the criminal element will find a different community when they return, as compared to when they left.
Conclusion
COPS IN ACTION
Page 67 Strategic – Oriented Policing to target homicide and violent crime
Page 69 – The Kansas Gun Experiment
