history oral new

HIST101 FINAL PAPER

Introduction

The object of this paper is to streamline the sources used to write annotated bibliography. These bibliographies are illustrating the Western Subject before 1600 C.E which in this case includes annotated bibliographies that aligned to Western Civilization that took place before the depicted period of the 16th century was reached. Different works of the authors have been employed to elaborate the same. Equally important, this final paper gives a clear thesis statement in each bibliography such that the claims and arguments of authors regarding their works on Western Civilization are fully illustrated here. The first part entails an outline that gives the direction of what is written in the final paper that is certain to the provision of a concise history concerning the subject matter that has been given priority in this work. Therefore, readers will benefit a lot in understanding the past historical concepts that conspired before 16th century was reached in Europe and the other parts of the world.

ONE

"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"

Link: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=04687053-7d2c-4d68-a09e516a4a1d1df8%40sessionmgr4010&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=493037&db=nlebk

This is another interesting and intriguing source as well as an article by the authors namely, Tolan John Victor Todd, Jane Marie, Laurens Henry, and Veinstein Gilles. These groups of scholars working in various universities in Europe are demonstrating that Islamic World and Europe have shed much light concerning westernization and intertwined histories between lots of controversies circulating the Muslim World and the entire Europe. In this particular landmark book, a lot of focus is put on the three eminent historians and their adverse and tumultuous relationships. These historians include the Alexandrians and the Constantinople people, Tunisians and Genoans and the last group includes Maghrebis and Catalans.

Besides, this group who’s others are myriads have an extensive knowledge of cultural, religious and intellectual heritage existing between Islam and Europe. For sure this is how these groups of authors are using the source to mesh this subject of Islamic World and Europe concurrently. Additionally, this source gives a clear thesis statement illustrating that the ongoing and existing contact experienced between the two, provides a glimpse of how history vividly recounts on elements of wars as well as crusades going on not only in Islamic religion but seen in other religious backgrounds as well. Besides these spiritual matters, other political, social and economic affiliations are attributed by the authors. For instance, commerce, technology transfers, artistic exchanges, alliances and diplomacy, intellectual fulfillment and even slavery are among other subject matters presented by this particular source. From this historical point of view, readers have had unparalleled introduction as well as distinct thesis statement of all the events and periods that conspired during the Europe and the Islamic World state of affairs before 1600 C.E. It is a book that is offering a compelling groundbreaking on matters pertaining Islamic world and its implications in Western World.

TWO

"Historical mosque orientation in Turkey: Central-Western Anatolia Region, 1150–1590"

Link:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=04687053-7d2c-4d68-a09e516a4a1d1df8%40sessionmgr4010&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=S0305748812000898&db=edselp

This source is specifically chosen as I believe that it strongly concur with my thesis statement that buildings orientation in Turkey contributed unanimously towards ancient civilization. According to Yilmaz Mustafa, the author of this article, ancient cultures in Turkey are traced back to the historical characteristics of the horizon where celestial bodies were moving when two equinoxes and solstices were experienced. Nonetheless, as per the secrecy of the Muslims in the country, the Sacred Mosque located in Mecca was reached by following the sacred direction termed as Qibla and during the above stated two horizons. This indeed was a placed that shaped civilization tremendously as Muslims offered prayers and other several ritual acts since when the early days of Islam started to take roots in Turkey. In all situations that the Mosques has to be built to represent ancient civilizations, the direction towards Qibla was for sure given much priority as indicated by the niche of the Qibla wall located at a focal point within the Mosque shrines. Having taught at the University of Afyon Kocatepe, TR-03200 Afyonkarahisar, ANS Campus under the Department of Geometrics Engineering in Turkey, Mustafa continues to denote that the Mosque orientation in Turkey, especially before the 17th century, is a limelight of also understanding the knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and even computations derived from the Greek traditions and sources that are based on the early periods of Islam. When Qibla direction are differentiated from Mosque orientation, there is a clear picture revealing that sacred geographical work was determined and founded on applications made from the concepts of mathematical, trigonometric and geometric formulae of astronomy. From this point of view, this article streamlines the relationships between the early Turkish Mosque buildings civilizations and the spread of Islam in the country.

THREE

"The Uniqueness of Western Civilization"

Link:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=15&sid=1ea4926f-d72b-4bda-b8ef22fe3a5caf1a%40sessionmgr4009&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=368070&db=nlebk

Duchesne Ricardo is the author of this article. Despite the fact that he is providing detailed information in the body of their book, this particular article is also giving a clear thesis statement that challenges the multicultural effort to Western Civilization but under what is termed as "Provinciliazation". Apart from this, the authors continue to argue and claim that the roots of the Western civilization are uniquely founded on aristocratic kind of warfare that affected the Indo-European leaders and its people as well. As a matter of fact, the way this author have expressed thesis statement in a way that indeed shows the uniqueness of western civilization and the way it was experienced all through the era. I firmly believe that my readers will indeed enjoy every little part of this book as far as the message regarding civilization and thesis statement are presented in the book by the author. In this regards, the western culture which in most cases is equated as western civilization is used to refer to not only ethical values, religious beliefs such as Islam, social norms but the term always insinuates particular cultural and political aspects that are applicable in real life situations in many parts of the world.

FOUR

"Supremacies and Diversities throughout History"

Link:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=6234633b-0ce1-487f-b8ced76db210d51b%40sessionmgr4007&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=354951&db=nlebk

Pavlac and Brian Alexander are the authors who wrote this particular article. Equally important, it is a source that acts as an eye opener regarding the common Western heritage as well. On the other hand, the article gives a precise thesis statement that focuses on narrative and interpretative historical information concerning what conspired before the 16th century in Europe. Despite the fact that these two authors are presenting inductive and readable description on matters related to western civilizations and heritage, the book as per the records puts across by the authors shows that supremacies and diversities are key players to creativity on the one hand and conflicts on the contrary. Politically, wars or conflicts as denoted are what the thesis statement reveals as the sources towards article's topical themes such as technological innovation, economic and political decision-making and even migration that occurred after the 16th century. Besides, the extensive experience that these authors have in various departments among many European universities allow us to make an assumption that throughout the history, deeply knowledgeable facts connecting supremacies and diversities have for long been given priority in all civilizations works and history in overall. Though I can illustrate that civilization founded on diversities and supremacies had already kicked off before 15th century, 16th century only extended the same to many European states especially those that were ready to embrace the two elements that grow and develop civilization.

FIVE

"A Short History of the Italian Renaissance"

Link :http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=6234633b-0ce1-487f-b8ced76db210d51b%40sessionmgr4007&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=1198398&db=nlebk

The article or the source is for Cox Virginia. Both have for long been writing many historical records related to reconnaissance and civilizations as well. The article gives a definitive account on remarkable renaissance that took place in Italy before 16th century. The same has indeed extended to impact the political, social and even economic well-being of the country. As it is known globally that Italy has had many rulers such as Louis who combined both democratic and dictatorial forms of government, this author is reflecting all these aspects in their book that talks of changes that took place in Italy under such leaders. From this particular point of view, the thesis statement of the article now clearly unveils itself. The author is especially highlighting creativity that found its roots in Italy during the period. For instance, critical issues such as food history, political changes, architecture, dance history, ceremonies as well as rituals were given priority during this period of vibrant rebirth. Virginia Cox here explores the economic and material output from 13th to the 16th century. This is a time that Italy is remembered to have led the other nations to the world of building, painting, science, music and literature. As Cox is terming the period as medieval, the era was also accompanied by self-confidence and most of the philosophical principles that coincided with the economic and political rise of many Princes such as Prince Florence and Medici. The later impacted the ascendancy of Rome and Venice. In conjunction to civilizations and the thesis statement of this article, Renaissance period allowed individuals to enjoy rich regionalism that the author is exploring the arts of changes particularly in regions such as Milan, Mantua, Ferrara, Urbino and Naples. This is why Virginia Cox admits that the history of Italian Renaissance also impacted women performances; thus, many called her a ‘Renaissance woman.'

Conclusion

In conclusion, the above-annotated bibliographies from different authors have revealed lots of issues including the period of renaissance that took place in Italy before sixteen century. These authors in alignment to thesis statements have demonstrated that Western Civilization among the many European States including even Turkey as one author is putting it in one of these five annotated bibliographies. As some of these authors are lecturing in most of the European Universities, they have given a precise and distinct overview of Western Civilization that in most nations started at 13th century all along to 16th century just in alliance with their thesis statements. And as a matter of summary, Western Civilization n can be traced back to Europe as well as the Mediterranean regions. This is why this period is linked to Medieval Western Christendom and Roman Empire associated to many reformations, renaissance among many other transformational episodes.

An Outline about the Western Civilization before 16th Century

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