make summary for each lucture

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Hurricane Season "Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, although hurricanes can, and have, occurred outside of this time frame. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA's)National Hurricane Center predicts and tracks these massive storm systems, which occur, on average, 12 times a year in the Atlantic basin. As a world leader in hurricane research, NOAA strives to understand the mechanics of these complex storms in order to protect people, property, commerce, and natural resources.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hurricane.html

A close-up satellite image of Hurricane Isabel taken on Sept. 15, 2003. The National Ocean Service helps coastal communities prepare for and recover from major coastal storms such as hurricanes.

Hurricane Sandy as seen from NOAA's GOES-13 satellite on October 29, 2012.

Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones Introduction

Super Hurricanes and Typhoons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qym7b-qvkE

Impacts of Hurricane Wilma on Southeastern Florida

Florida Power and Light, the largest electricity utility in the state, reported more than 3,241,000 customers had lost power, equivalent to approximately 6,000,000 people. More than 20 days later, some residents and business owners remained without electric service. Power outages in southeastern Florida, notably in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties, compounded the difficulties South Floridians faced following Wilma. Any traffic lights still standing were not working, causing an increase in traffic problems.

Wrath of Wilma (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC VIDEO)

Hurricane Formation and Prediction The ingredients for hurricanes include a pre-existing weather disturbance, warm tropical oceans, moisture, and relatively light winds. If the right conditions persist long enough, they can combine to produce the violent winds, incredible waves, torrential rains, and floods we associate with this phenomenon.

Reference: Hurricanes -- Causes, Effects, and the Future by S. Leatherman and J. Williams

Tropical Waves and Tropical Cyclones

Tropical waves are a type of atmospheric trough, an elongated area of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, which moves from east to west across the tropics causing areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms. Tropical waves in the Atlantic basin develop from disturbances which develop as far east as Sudan in east Africa and drift over the continent into the Atlantic ocean. Approximately 60% of Atlantic tropical cyclones originate from tropical waves, while approximately 85% of intense Atlantic hurricanes (Category 3 and greater) develop from tropical waves.

Necessary Ingredients for Tropical Cyclones • Atmosphere needs to have enough cool air above the surface; ocean-warmed air rises faster with

cooler air above it. • Ocean water temperature should be at least 80ºF. • Air above ocean surface needs to be moist. Dry air from Africa moving out over the Atlantic can

inhibit tropical development. • Winds must be blowing about the same speed and direction at all levels of the atmosphere (low

wind shear). Strong winds aloft can blow off the tops of developing cells, inhibiting development. Some systems are “sheared” by upper level winds driven by El Nino.

• The system needs to have maintained some of the internal rotation it had over Africa. • The tropical wave needs to be far enough north of the equator for the Coriolis Effect to turn the air

that is being pulled in; there is no Coriolis Effect at the equator.

Watch: THE CORIOLIS EFFECT

Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones Summary -- Hurricane Formation and Prediction