health review

Physical Activity during Pregnancy and the Effect on Mothers and Fetal Health

Abstract 

1.2 Introduction:

Physical activity is an essential role that all people should engaged, aerobic and muscle strength exercises are an easy to do where the benefits of it are great, prevention, treatment of disease and keeping fit in all stage of life even in pregnancy period and this exercises can be modify to suit physical condition of the pregnant womens

Pregnancy is a blessing from Allah that every woman wishes. Pregnancy it’s condition that many changes it happened on women bodies from the day of fertilization to the day after delivery of the baby and the popular effect in women bodies it’s the increment of body weight, as it's known that many women they didn’t control them weight and they become overweight or obese, in this condition the pregnant woman she will be in danger, many diseases start with increase of the body weight and it may lead to a serious health problems. Without controlling the body weight increment, woman with a normal weight it may become an overweight or even obese.

In general overweight and obesity one of prevalence public issue that affect many countries in the world where it’s observe in all ages, adults, adolescents, and children it maybe became a global epidemic , the impact of this issue has a strong relationship with mortality and morbidity also this relationship have been known for more than 2000 between health professionals[1-2]. body mass index (BMI) is the way that give a right measurement for the total body fat compare with body weight, the method for calculation by determining the body weight in kilogram and divide it by height in meter squared, this way determine the degree of overweight easy with a reliable number.

There are interventions that can control the body weight before pregnancy period, during pregnancy period and after it, but the most important intervention that we will cover it’s the physical activity or exercise and the advantages for this intervention on the mother health and the outcome also the disadvantages that it can happen if available.

Physical activity and exercise has a great impact on health status, where there are many study done to prove this relation. where health outcome in people with physical inactivity is a major problem in the world and specially in developed countries. In worldwide physical inactivity appear in a huge number where one out of every five adults is physically inactive and the long period of sitting independent show that is a risk factor for mortality[3]

The healthy body weight in pregnancy it depends on the body mass index (BMI) so the WHO classify the BMI into four categories underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5-24.99 kg/m2, overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2 [4-5]. With this category, recognizing every case will be easy and right grouping will be more accurate.

all pregnant women are included in all age and different country in normal weight, overweight, and obese women, the risk that can appear during the pregnancy period with physical activities and without it observed to understand the relation between pregnancy and the physical activity as will as trying to answer the question do the exercise and physical activities enhance pregnancy outcome or it has a negative effects on pregnancy that it may lead to abortion. The search was mad in the Digital Saudi library, Google Scholar, Medlin, Pubmed, EBSCOhost,and DASH at Harvard. The Keywords that used in search was pregnancy, physical activity, exercise, lifestyle, Obesity, overweight and prospective study

Review of Literature

Study and location	Design	n	Outcomes	Findings
Duncombe6 Australia	Prospective study	148	Prematurity	There is no evidence that vigorous exercise were associated with significant reductions in mean birth outcomes
El-Gilany7 Saudi Arabia	Prospective study	787	Excessive gestational weight gain and the effect of outcome	overweight and obesity can adversely affect pregnancy outcomes
Evenson8 US North Carolina	Prospective study	1699	Prematurity	The risk of preterm birth was reduced with vigorous leisure activity first trimester (OR 0.80,95% CI 0.48–1.35) and second trimester (0.52, 0.24–1.11)
Zhang9	Prospective study	20136	association of lifestyle factors and the risk of gestational diabetes before pregnancy	adherence to a healthful lifestyle in the period before pregnancy is associated with a substantially lower risk of gestational diabetes
Fortner10	Prospective study	1043	Association between weight gain before and during pregnancy and hypertensive disorder	Obese women have 3 fold risk of hypertension more than normal BMI before pregnancy

4.       Aims and Objectives

The aims of this review is to finding the relation between the physical activities and enhancing the outcome of pregnancy in normal BMI women and overweight or obese.

Where the Objectives proving undesirable effect of overweight and obesity on the mothers and fetus where the gestational diabetes is one of the most common disease that mothers suffer from it during pregnancy, hypertension that associated with time of pregnancy, where the Prematurity and Miscarriage are common between Feta’s that them mothers are obese

5.       Materials and Methods

6.       Observations and results

7.       Charts and figures  

8.       Discussion

9.       Suggestions and recommendations

10.   Glossary

11.   Bibliography

References :

1. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation 2014; 129:S102.

2. Bray GA. The Battle of the Bulge: A History of Obesity Research, Dorrance, Pittsburgh 2007.

3. Owen, N., Sparling, P. B., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., & Matthews, C. E. (2010). Sedentary Behavior: Emerging Evidence for a New Health Risk. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(12), 1138-1141. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0444

4. WHO. Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series 854. Geneva: World Health Organization 1995.

5. WHO. Expert consultation: Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet; 2004. p. 157-63.

6. Duncombe, D., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Kelly, L., Fraser, V., & Paxton, S. J. (2006). Vigorous Exercise and Birth Outcomes in a Sample of Recreational Exercisers: A Prospective Study Across Pregnancy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 61(11), 699-701. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000243902.53983.05

7. El-Gilany, A., & Hammad, S. (2010). Body mass index and obstetric outcomes in pregnant in Saudi Arabia: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 0(0), 0. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.67075

8. Evenson KR, Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Leiferman JA, Thorp JM Jr. Vigorous leisure activity and pregnancy outcome. Epidemiology. 2002;13(6):653–659.

9. Zhang, C., Tobias, D. K., Chavarro, J. E., Bao, W., Wang, D., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Adherence to healthy lifestyle and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. Bmj, 349(Sep30 1). doi:10.1136/bmj.g5450.

10. Fortner, R. T., Pekow, P., Solomon, C. G., Markenson, G., & Chasan-Taber, L. (2009). Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risk of hypertensive pregnancy among Latina women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200(2). doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.08.021