American Government Unit VI Assessment (MATHGUY18 ONLY)

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Chapter 13

13-2

Origin and Structure of

the Federal Bureaucracy  Initially small: 3,000 employees in 1800

 Federal government’s role confined

 Defense

 Foreign affairs

 Currency

 Interstate commerce

 Delivery of mail

13-3

Origin and Structure of

the Federal Bureaucracy  Dramatic growth in latter part of 1800s in response to

economic growth

 Department of Agriculture

 Department of Commerce and Labor

 Biggest growth spurt in the 1930s in response to the Great

Depression

 SEC, SSA, FDIC, TVA

13-5

Origin and Structure of

the Federal Bureaucracy  Types of federal agencies

 Cabinet departments

 Fifteen departments: State, Defense, Justice, etc.

 Independent agencies

 Narrower area of responsibility: CIA, NASA, etc.

 Regulatory agencies

 SEC, EPA, etc.

13-7

Origin and Structure of

the Federal Bureaucracy  Types of federal agencies

 Government corporations

 USPS, FDIC, Amtrak, etc.

 Presidential commissions

 Permanent commissions: Civil Rights, Fine Arts

 Temporary: Bush’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security

13-8

Origin and Structure of

the Federal Bureaucracy  Federal employment

 2,500,000 civilian employees

 Most hired by merit criteria

 Patronage system—designed to improve link between

administration and the people

 Abuses—spoils system

 Merit system

 Neutral competence

13-9

The Budgetary Process  Year and a half long; begins with presidential guidelines

 Agencies develop detailed budget; president finalizes with

OMB

 Congress alters through budget and appropriations

committees; full House and Senate vote

 President signs or vetoes

13-12

Policy and Power

in the Bureaucracy  Administrative agencies’ chief task: policy

implementation

 Wide discretion in some areas

 Rulemaking

 Originating policy ideas

13-13

Policy and Power

in the Bureaucracy  The agency point of view

 Comes naturally to high-ranking civil servants

 Cemented by professionalism

 Distorts government priorities

 Agency must seek support wherever it can find it

 President; Congress; political parties

 Agencies are forced to play politics

13-14

Policy and Power

in the Bureaucracy  Sources of bureaucratic power

 Expertise

 Clientele groups

 Reciprocal relationship

 Friends in high places

 Agency goals may conflict with president or Congress, but they

still need agency expertise and competency

13-15

Democracy and

Bureaucratic Accountability  Accountability through the presidency

 Reorganization

 Presidential appointments

 OMB: budgets, regulations, and legislative proposals

13-16

Democracy and

Bureaucratic Accountability  Accountability through Congress

 The “power of the purse”

 Oversight function; increased use of GAO

 Ways to constrain the bureaucracy before it acts

 Enabling provisions

 Sunset provisions

13-17

Democracy and

Bureaucratic Accountability  Accountability through the courts

 An injured party can bring suit against an agency

 Accountability within the bureaucracy itself

 Senior Executive Service (SES)

 Administrative law judges

 Whistleblowing

 Demographic representativeness