American Government Unit I Assessment (MATHGUY18 ONLY)

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Chapter 3

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Federalism: National and

State Sovereignty  The argument for federalism

 Authority divided into two levels: national and regional

 Protects liberty

 Moderates government power by sharing

 Strengthens the union

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Federalism: National and

State Sovereignty  The powers of the nation and states

 National: enumerated powers

 Seventeen powers, including measures for secure defense and

stable commerce

 Supremacy clause

 National: implied powers

 “Necessary and proper” / “elastic” clause: make laws in support of

enumerated powers

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Federalism: National and

State Sovereignty  The powers of the nation and states

 Tenth Amendment established reserved powers: powers

not delegated to the national government are reserved for

the states

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Federalism in Historical Perspective  An indestructible union (1789–1865)

 The nationalist view: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); clear

ruling in favor of national power and supremacy clause

 The states’-rights view: the Dred Scott decision (1857);

ruling for states rights in conflict over legality of slavery

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Federalism in Historical Perspective  Dual federalism and laissez-faire capitalism (1865–1937)

 Dual federalism: separation of national from state power

 The Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion

 Judicial protection of business: Supreme Court limited

national power

 National authority prevails after 1937

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Federalism in Historical Perspective  Toward national citizenship

 Equal civil rights across all states

 Fourteenth Amendment

 Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

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Contemporary Federalism  Interdependency and intergovernmental relations

 Cooperative federalism: shared policy responsibilities

 National, state, and local levels work together

 Joint funding, administration, and determination of programs

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Contemporary Federalism  Government revenues and intergovernmental relations

 Fiscal federalism: federal funds used for state programs

 Categorical grants: federal funds restricted to certain state

programs

 Block grants: federal funds for state programs addressed to

a general concern

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Contemporary Federalism  Devolution

 Shift of power from national government to states

 Dramatically increased with Republican Revolution of 1994

 Supreme Court has advanced devolution, especially in latter

decades of twentieth century

 Devolution movement ended with presidency of George W.

Bush: education and security policy

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The Public’s Influence: Setting the

Boundaries of Federal-State Power

 Roosevelt’s “New Deal”—jobs during the Great

Depression

 Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society”—increased social

services in 1960s

 Republican Revolution—rolled back federal authority in

1990s

 Recent public backing of huge federal stimulus in 2009