Week 10; Assignment 2: Ethical and Socially Responsive Business

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APA Style Guide, 6th ed. ________________________________________________________________________

This handout provides an overview of the American Psychological Association’s style of citation and writing. It is based on the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Publication Manual). The rules of APA Style offer sound guidance for writing with simplicity, power, and concision. APA Style has been adapted by many disciplines and is used by writers around the world. For any information regarding APA Style which is not covered in this handout, go to the official "APA Style" website at http://www.apastyle.org/. NOTE: Without exception, ALL of Strayer University's courses require the usage of APA Style for student papers. WHY CITE SOURCES? When writing a paper, we often build upon the information and ideas of others. When information is borrowed from others, we must give them credit. Citing sources accomplishes the following: ~ provides a way to give proper credit to the sources used in writing the paper ~ enables the reader to find the information for themselves ~ adds credibility and provides strength for your arguments WHEN TO CITE SOURCES? Credit must be given whenever: 1. quoting from a source (copying from the source word for word) 2. summarizing or rephrasing information from a source into one's own words HOW TO CITE SOURCES? APA style requires 2 elements: 1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES ~ located in the text of the paper ~ tells the reader what information was borrowed and where it came from 2. A LIST OF REFERENCES ~ located at the end of the paper ~ tells the reader what sources were used to write the paper and provides complete information about the sources The in-text references and list of references work together to give complete credit to the sources that are used in writing the paper. The in-text reference in the paper should correspond with the beginning of the citation in the list of references.

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FORMATTING A PAPER IN APA STYLE ~ Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch (letter size) good quality white paper. ~ Use 12-pt Times New Roman font. ~ Double space lines throughout the paper. Exceptions: Triple or quadruple spacing can be done around equations. Single or one-and-a-half spacing can be done in tables or figures. ~ Use a 1 inch (2.54 cm) margin on all sides of each page—left, right, top, and bottom. ~ Text appears on one side of the paper—the reverse side is blank. ~ Left justify your margins, meaning the left margin will be flush to the left side of the page and the right margin will be uneven. ~ Indent the first line of every paragraph five to seven spaces or a standard ―Tab‖ key space (½ inch). ~ Use 2 spaces after a sentence period in your essay and 1 space after commas, colons, and semicolons. ~ Order of the paper (not all of these elements are a necessary part of every paper):

1. title page 2. abstract 3. text

4. references 5. footnotes 6. tables

7. figures 8. appendices

~ PAGE NUMBERING: Number all pages of the paper, beginning with the title page. The number is in the top right corner (1 inch from right and ½ inch from the top page edges). ~ RUNNNING HEAD: A running head will appear at the top of every page. It is flush against the left-hand margin (1 inch) and ½ inch from the top of the page. The running head is an abbreviated form of the title that is no longer than 50 characters in length. The abbreviated title will be preceded by the phrase, ―Running head:‖ on the first page only. E.g., Running head: THIS IS MY ESSAY TITLE (on page 1); THIS IS MY ESSAY TITLE (on subsequent pages) ~ HEADINGS: Headings are not required, but they may be useful for the purpose of displaying hierarchal organization in your paper. There are a total of five heading styles. The following outlines the format for the first three levels of headings. For more than three levels of headings refer to the APA Publication Manual (6th ed., pp. 62–63). Bold, Centered, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

1st level

Bold, Flush Left, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

2nd level

Indented, bold, sentence case paragraph heading ending with a period. 3rd level

~ Visuals may include graphs, photographs, tables, etc. Clearly label each visual with a title that concisely describes its subject. In the text of your paper, refer to the visual by its label (e.g., Figure 1, etc.). ~ Formatting titles or publications mentioned in your paper: o ITALICIZE: titles of books, plays, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, journals, films, compact discs, and paintings. o PLACE QUOTATION MARKS AROUND: titles of articles, essays, short stories, poems, chapters of books, and songs. o CAPITALIZE: All major words in the title.

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Place running head in top left-hand corner—precede it with the phrase ―Running head:‖ (on title page only) and abbreviated title in capitals. It will not exceed 50 characters in length. It is 1 in. from the left-hand margin and ½ in. from the top of the page. It appears on every page—including the title page.

Page number is on right-hand side of the page, 1 in. from the right margin and ½ in. from the top of the page. They appear on every page — including the title page.

USING NURSING SCIENCE 3

Using Nursing Science does not Guarantee Nursing Excellence

Nursing excellence is usually defined in terms of having and applying more

and more knowledge, especially from nursing science—the more nurses know the

better their practice. This conceptualization of nursing practice has similarities with

the ancient Greek mode of reasoning called techne, but cannot adequately deal with

the ambiguities of everyday nursing. Nursing excellence does occur, however, with

phronetic, ontological practice in which a nurse's morals, habits, and dispositions

guides practice.

The scientific supremacy of knowledge application is rooted in society's love

affair with science. What has happened, according to Saul (1992), is that knowledge-

based experts and technocrats, originally experts only in technical matters, have

become leaders in all societal spheres, including the practical and political. However,

what Sockett (1987) says about context in teaching is appropriate for nursing practice.

He states that:

context, personality, temperament, and style are not merely

adjuncts to the knowledge base; they are the very stuff of

practice . . . [context] is not a set of abstractions, but is the

social, perhaps political, base for practical day-to-day, hour-to-

hour decisions made by teachers. (p. 209)

Nurses, assuming that scientific knowledge is sufficient, may stop communication

prematurely with a patient or client. Adaptive nursing assumes a high level of

continuity across situations, but nursing practice is not, as Nussbaum (2000) says

about life, a matter of "weighing, counting, and measuring" (p. 106).

Phronetic practice, or nursing excellence, requires that nurses make deliberate,

ethical choices (Kenny, 1978). Undeliberated acceptance of a generalized

predetermined action is consistent with techne, but not with phronesis. Gadamer

(1981) states that good practice involves making deliberate choices, not just blindly

applying knowledge. Practice is not wishing for something to happen, but involves

making informed judgments and choosing one thing against another in particular

situations.

NOTE: This sample page of a research paper was pieced together to provide as many in-text examples as possible.

Each new paragraph is indented ½ in.

Include the full title of your paper only on the first page of text. Center the title.

Use 12-pt Times

New Roman font for essay text.

1 in. (2.54 cm)

margin on all sides of each page of the paper.

Block quotations— quotes longer than 40 words – are indented an additional ½ in. and have no quotations marks surrounding them.

Use double space throughout the paper.

Align text with the left margin.

See pp. 62–63 in the APA Publication Manual for information on formatting headings.

See pp. 23–25,

229–230 in the APA Publication Manual for title page and paper layout.

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USING NURSING SCIENCE 12

References

Adler, M. (1985). Ten philosophical mistakes. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Audi, R. (Ed.). (1995). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge

University Press.

Forsythe, D., Delaney, C., Maloney, N., Kubesh, D., & Story, D. (1989). Can caring behavior be

taught? Nursing Outlook, 37(4), 164–166.

Gadamer, H. G. (1981). Reason in the age of science (F. G. Lawrence, Trans.). Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press.

Kenny, A. (1978). The Aristotelian ethics. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

Leonard, V. W. (1996). Mothering as a practice. In S. Gordon, P. Benner, & N. Nodding (Eds.),

Caregiving (pp. 124–140). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

MacIntyre, A. (1984). After virtue (2nd ed.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). The fragility of goodness: Luck and ethics in Greek tragedy and

philosophy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Reed, P. (1999). A treatise on nursing knowledge development in the 21st century: Beyond

postmodernism. In E. C. Polifroni & M. Welsh (Eds.), Perspectives on philosophy of

science in nursing (pp. 478–490). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.

Saul, J. R. (1993). Voltaire's bastards: The dictatorship of reason in the West. Toronto, Canada:

Penguin Books.

Sherman, N. (1989). The fabric of character: Aristotle's theory of virtue. Oxford, England:

Clarendon Press.

Sockett, H. T. (1987). Has Shulman got the strategy right? Harvard Educational Review, 57, 208–

219.

Taylor, C. (1995). The dialogical self. In R. F. Goodman, & W. R. Fisher (Eds.), Rethinking

knowledge (pp. 57–66). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. (1991). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

References page begins with the title ―References‖ and is centered at the top of the page. Each citation is ordered alphabetically, by the author’s or editor’s last name— or title if author/editor is not evident. Each entry is flush against the left-hand margin; subsequent lines for the same entry must employ a hanging indent of ½ in.

ADAPTED FROM: Flaming, D. (2002). Using nursing science does not guarantee nursing excellence. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 16, 147–159. NOTE: Microsoft has an APA template which can be loaded into your Word program. Once installed in Word, the template helps to keep you conformed to APA rules. To download the APA template from Microsoft, go to http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/TC300000521033.aspx.

Revised May 2010