SOC HW
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macionis_13e_c05_e.pptGroups and Organizations
Social Groups
LO 5.1 Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life.
LO 5.1 Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life.
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Social Groups
- As human beings, we live our lives as members of groups.
- Such groups may be large or small, temporary or long-lasting, and can be based on kinship, cultural heritage, or some shared interest.
Social Groups: Primary Groups
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Social Groups: Secondary Groups
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Social Group
- Not groups, but categories
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Group Leadership
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Group Leadership
Group Conformity Studies
Group Conformity Studies
Reference Groups
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Reference Groups
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Group Size
- The dyad
- A two-member group
- Very intimate, but unstable given its size
- The triad
- A three-member group
- More stable than a dyad and more types of interaction are possible
In a triad, if the relationship between any two members becomes more intense in a positive sense, two are likely to exclude the third.
- A triad is a group made up of three people. A triad is more stable than a dyad because conflict between any two persons can be mediated by the third member.
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Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender
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Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender
Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender
- Social media and networking
- Social media refers to technology that links people in social activity.
- By 2011, 600 million people were involved in Facebook networks and by the end of 2012, the number had passed 1 billion.
- Today, Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites connect people all over the world.
The 2010 film The Social Network depicts the birth of Facebook, now one of the largest social networking sites in the world.
In what ways have Internet-based social networks changed social life in the
United States?
Formal Organizations
LO 5.2 Describe the operation of large, formal organizations.
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Origins of Formal Organizations
- Formal organizations date back thousands of years.
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Rationalization of Society: Weber
- Historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought
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Max Weber's Six Elements to Promote Organizational Efficiency
- Bureaucracy is an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
- Bureaucratic organization promotes efficiency by carefully hiring workers and limiting the unpredictable effects of personal taste and opinion.
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Organizational Environment
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Informal Side of Bureaucracy
Problems of Bureaucracies
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Oligarchy
Evolution of Formal Organizations Scientific Management
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The principles of scientific management suggested that workplace power should reside with owners and executives, who have historically paid little attention to the ideas of their workers.
- Found on page 194
- Formal organizations have also faced important challenges, involving race and gender, rising competition from abroad, and the changing nature of work.
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New Challenges to Formal Organizations
- Race and gender
- Pattern of exclusion
- “Female advantage”
- Japanese work organizations
- Value cooperation
- Organizational loyalty
- Changing nature of work
- Information-based organizations
- Creative autonomy, competitive work teams, flatter organization, and greater flexibility
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McDonaldization of Society
- Principles
- Efficiency: Do it quickly.
- Predictability: Use set formulas.
- Uniformity: Leave nothing to chance.
- Control: Humans are the most unreliable factor.
Many other jobs, such as working the counter at McDonald's, involve the same routines and strict supervision found in factories a century ago.
- Each principle limits human creativity, choice, and freedom.
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