Benchmark - Social Problems in Education and the Family

lumebiagicrson

macionis_c13.pptx

Home >Social Science homework help >Benchmark - Social Problems in Education and the Family

Chapter 13: Education

Tracking the Trends: Education

In 1950, 70% of college students were men.

Currently, 57% of students in college are women.

Do you think this gender imbalance is a problem?

Why do think more women than men continue their education after high school?

In the late 1970s, women made up half of all post-secondary enrollments

women 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 29.038125484876144 28.877014025154434 29.585177307865322 31.600693990877122 33.836101699269513 35.323313851006574 36.23650525715648 36.102240861440293 34.671625014982851 34.499001443349528 34.689930118783323 35.914421677614385 37.616876936791101 38.038027796834427 38.471577759175155 38.691042388408206 39.651122901992395 40.206153349340887 40.40203958663615 40.707025657554475 41.222370134929044 41.812368443755275 43.148816151303407 44.063911699527281 45.006083396772354 45.023920283662044 47.232512635830865 48.705252012996532 49.902736141054618 50.88222464171897 51.43899322925428 51.703730910421882 51.460721178066891 51.67357539848058 52.102575245426834 52.491027434758806 52.937099027625095 53.534719623218074 54.027261035084727 54.278630814503217 54.525840717865307 54.719233359145335 54.967713577057076 55.067888736391545 55.375084303361845 55.527721257253894 55.783426784859181 55.896561201803799 56.095130015805537 56.125928815623169 56.102128166468155 56.298212699445365 56.644345666740755 57.069023109211997 57.229949159462507 57.364199234023211 57.346300749991407 57.168680535340357 57.132519847599468 57.070549901552852 56.962520114316028 57.004618389926762 56.793270337738292 men 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 70.961874515123853 71.122985974845548 70.414822692134663 68.399306009122881 66.163898300730366 64.67668614899334 63.76349474284352 63.897759138559707 65.328374985017163 65.500998556650345 65.310069881216734 64.085578322385416 62.38312306320887 61.961972203165573 61.528422240824916 61.308957611591822 60.34887709800757 59.793846650659141 59.597960413363793 59.292974342445575 58.777629865071056 58.187631556244668 56.851183848696508 55.936088300472719 54.993916603227646 54.976079716337956 52.767487364169192 51.294747987003475 50.097263858945375 49.117775358281001 48.56100677074572 48.296269089578189 48.539278821933109 48.32642460151942 47.897424754573194 47.508972565241194 47.062900972374926 46.465280376781955 45.972738964915308 45.721369185496826 45.474159282134693 45.280766640854665 45.032286422942924 44.932111263608455 44.624915696638162 44.472278742746084 44.216573215140819 44.103438798196201 43.904869984194463 43.874071184376824 43.897871833531873 43.70178730055467 43.355654333259224 42.930976890787981 42.770050840537493 42.635800765976803 42.653699250008565 42.831319464659586 42.867480152400525 42.929450098447155 43.037479885683943 42.99538161007326 43.206729662261736

Percentage of U.S. Postsecondary Enrollment

Problems of Education: A Global Perspective

Education: Social institution by which society transmits knowledge to its members

Includes basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

Schooling: Formal instruction carried out by specially trained teachers

Schooling is more available in some parts of the world than others.

Low-Income Countries: Too Little Schooling

All nations provide for primary education of at least some children.

In the poorest nations, many children, especially girls, do not go to school.

Secondary education, even less common

Poor nations are agrarian and rural

Families take primary responsibility for education.

Low-Income Countries

Children work at an early age

Governments in poor nations are trying to increase literacy by expanding enrollment.

Literacy is important for economic development in poor countries of the world.

Low-Income Countries

Gender is related to education in poor countries

Patriarchy and education

Males have greater opportunities

Global Map 13-1 Illiteracy in Global Perspective

High-Income Countries: Unequal Schooling

Higher rates of schooling and literacy

Education is a necessity for jobs

Post-secondary education

Made available to a larger share of the population compared to low-income countries

Education in U.S. History

Thomas Jefferson: Literacy and democracy

By 1918, all states had laws requiring students to attend school until the age of 16, or through the eighth grade.

Ask students what they thought when they saw that this picture was taken in 1941.

The Academic Performance of U.S. Schools

A larger share of the population earns a college degree in the U.S. than in any nation except Norway.

The 20th century saw the expansion of schooling in the United States.

Figure13-1 Schooling in the United States, 1910-2013

The Effects of Race, Ethnicity and Class: Testing

African-American students score about 300 points below white students

Hispanics score 220 points below non-Hispanic whites

Asian Americans have higher average scores than white students

The Effects of Race, Ethnicity and Class

African American children living in a single parent family

Racial stereotypes and educational bias

Hispanic children and language barrier

Native American children and cultural alienation

Poverty

Remind students that The poorest public school districts spend about $5,000 per year on each student; the richest spend more than $20,000.

Dropping Out: a serious problem

About 6.6% of the population aged 16-24 have left school before graduating.

In 1960, rate was 14%

Hispanic Americans are three times more likely than non-Hispanic whites to drop out of school.

Figure13-2 Percentage of Dropouts among Categories of the U.S. Population, Ages 16 to 24

Dropping Out

Dropping out is related to being economically and culturally disadvantaged.

Dropping out puts one at risk for other social problems

Functional Illiteracy

Not being able to read and write or do basic arithmetic well enough to carry out daily responsibilities

About 14% or more of the population lack the necessary skills to function in society

Affects job opportunities

Source of embarrassment and shame

School Segregation and Busing

Post-Civil War through the 20th century: segregated schools

Supreme Court case: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Separate but equal

Law and educational segregation in the South

School Segregation and Busing

Supreme Court case - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Residential segregation led to continued educational segregation.

Busing to achieve integration

Blacks reacted to busing with mixed opinions.

School Segregation and Busing

White flight and the continuation of educational segregation

White opposition

The 1990s and the end of busing

Most students in the U.S. attend schools in which most of the other

students are of the same race and ethnic background as their own.

Figure 13-3 Racial Makeup of the Average Student’s School, by Race and Ethnicity

School Funding

Inequality in educational resources between states and within states

Public schools funded by state and local taxes

Economic disparities between rich and poor communities

Sources of income and educational spending for students

Cultural Capital

Differences in the home life of rich and poor children is a major factor in education.

Families with more income are able to give their children more cultural capital

More conducive environment

Parental education

Tracking: A policy of assigning students to different educational programs

Supporters of tracking argue that tests will be used to assign students to tracks that are best suited to address each child's abilities.

Critics argue that tracking is a form of institutional discrimination, transforming a social advantage into an educational advantage.

Tracking: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy

What effect might the label “gifted” have on the way teachers treat students?

Gender Inequality

Before Title IX was passed in 1972:

Widespread gender and educational steering by teachers and counselors

Textbooks reflected females and males in stereotypical roles

Title IX of the Education Amendments to the Civil

Rights Act bans sex discrimination in education and requires schools receiving federal funding to provide male and female students with equal educational programs.

Gender Inequality

Increase of girls in gifted programs in elementary schools

Increase in the number of women going on to college

There are still high concentrations of women in certain majors such as library science, education, and psychology.

Immigration: Increasing Diversity

Schools must educate more than one million immigrants that enter the U.S. annually.

Immigration: Bilingualism or English Immersion?

English immersion: Teaching non-English speakers in English

Bilingual education:

Offer classes in most subject areas in a student’s native language while also teaching them English

Schooling People With Disabilities

In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act

Mainstreaming is integrating special students into the overall educational program.

Special education places children with physical or mental disabilities in separate classes with specially trained teachers.

Note that 60% of students with disabilities are mainstreamed; 40% spend some or all of their time in special classes.

Finding Enough Teachers

435,000 teaching vacancies each year

Failure to fill vacancies causes larger classes and greater burden on staff.

Low salaries, excessive bureaucracy, and school violence are cited as problems by many teachers.

National Map 13-1 Public School Teachers’ Pay across the United States

School Violence

School violence has been a growing concern and includes:

Homicides

Aggravated assaults

Rape

74% of public schools reported at least one violent crime at school during the 2011–12 school year

School Violence: Who is at risk?

Larger schools are more likely to have violence; also urban and suburban schools

Males, African Americans, and Hispanics are at higher risk

School Violence

Reactions to school violence by schools and communities:

Zero-tolerance policies

Dress codes

Conflict resolution programs

Between 1992 and 2011, annual victimization rates involving violence fell from 53 incidents to 24 incidents per 1,000 students.

Structural-Functional Analysis: The Functions of Schooling

The focus is on the role of education in society; how education transmits knowledge and skills that

lead to occupational roles,

have an impact on social placement,

instill common cultural beliefs and values.

Indirectly, schools provide child care and “occupy” young people.

Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: Labels in the Schools

The focus is on how individuals experience the school system.

Tracking and educational labels shape students’ futures.

Teachers can construct realities for students based on gender, race, and ethnicity.

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person defined in a certain way comes to think and act as if the definition were true.

Social-Conflict Analysis: Schooling and Inequality

How education reflects and often reinforces existing divisions in society

Inequality in school funding

Tracking based on socio-economic background

Schooling as a system of social control that socializes all students to be obedient citizens who are respectful of authority

Feminist Analysis: Schooling and Gender

Highlights patterns of inequality involving gender

A type of social-conflict theory

The higher the level of education, the smaller the percentage of women teachers

Selection of courses differ between men and women

Conservatives: Increased Competition

Charter schools: public schools that are given more freedom in order to try out new policies and programs

5,700 charter schools in 41 states, enrolling 2 million students, 64% of them nonwhite.

Magnet schools: public schools that offer special facilities and programs in pursuit of educational excellence

3,000 magnet schools in areas such as sciences and foreign languages enrolling 4.6% of public school students

Support having private companies engage in schooling for profit

School vouchers: funds used by parents for public or private school of their choice.

Support policies to show greater accountability for how well or poorly students perform.

Conservatives: Increased Competition

Liberals: Increase the Investment

Support public education

Some free choice in schooling

Equalize school funding

Bilingual education

Invest in out-of-class activities

Expand investment in education

The Radical Left: Attack Structural Inequality

Academic shortcomings are a function of structured inequality in society.

Equalize school funding

Eliminate inequality throughout society