essay about Formal Logic (5-6pages)

Ahmad Alazmi

FORMAL LOGIC: BASIC SYMBOLS AND PATTERNS -DH 89-97

Pattern 1

1- Modus ponens

A- Definition:

It is a condition that describes the correlation between two items or situations. It is a belief that the existences of one thing or a condition entirely depend on the other influence.

B- Copy and Paste example

From Minister to Atheist to Believer Again: The Story of Teresa MacBain.

Teresa MacBain was a conservative Southern Baptist pastor who joined The Clergy Project, a private community of people who have served in the clergy but have doubts for the faith they keep. MacBain shocked the world in 2012 when she appeared at an American Atheists convention and publicly declared she did not believe in God. However, she has recently rediscovered God and has a new mission.

- Pattern 1

A → B

A

.;. B

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/christianity/from-minister-to-atheist-to-believer-again-the-story-of-teresa-macbain

C- Analysis

The story relates to the definition in that being in the ministry is often influenced by the situation of not being interested in the Atheist kind of life. It is, therefore, possible for one to be called a minister if the Atheist exists and the vise verse.

Ahmad Alazmi

Pattern 2

2- Modus tollens

A- Definition:

It is the argument that when a situation is real, the reverse must reflect the exact opposite of the situation. Every situation must have an equal and opposite condition.

B- Copy and Paste example:

Jainism 13-Year-Old Jain Girl Dies After 68 Days of Fasting.

In a tragic incident, a 13-year-old girl in India fasted for 68 days before she died. Her death was brought about by cardiac arrest that occurred two days after she broke her fast. The girl belonged to the Jain community, one of India’s minority religions. Her parents have been accused for forcing her to fast and have been arrested.

- Pattern 2

F → S

~ S

.:. ~ F

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/issues/13-year-old-jain-girl-dies-after-68-days-of-fasting

C- Analysis:

The link comes in that the child died because of starvation, a situation that is the reverse of eating to stay alive. The fasting cannot exist when people eat, and when you eat, you're not fasting.

Ahmad Alazmi

Pattern 3

Chain argument /hypothetical syllogism

A- Definition:

It is the argument that supports the chain of the relationship between two conditions. It explains the likely occurrence of one factor as caused by the other situation. It is the resultant position due to a given a situation.

B- Copy and Paste example:

Pope Francis Sends $100,000 Emergency Funding to Haiti for Hurricane Relief.

An amount of $100,000 is being sent to Haiti by Pope Francis as emergency funding for the country ravaged by Hurricane Matthew. It is an initial contribution from the Vatican, donated through the Pontifical Council Cor Unum. The objective of the money is to support people affected by floods and “is intended as a first and immediate concrete expression of the feelings of paternal spiritual closeness and encouragement of the Holy Father toward the people and territories affected,” an October 14, Vatican communique read.

- Pattern 3

H → P

P → M

.:. H → M

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/issues/pope-francis-sends-100000-emergency-funding-to-haiti-for-hurricane-relief

C- Analysis

The relationship is that due to the Hurricane, the Pope is sending the relief money to help the affected. The situation at the Haiti is the influence of the money contribution by the pope.

Ahmad Alazmi

Pattern 4

4- Disjunctive Argument

It is an argument with basically two options to choose from either one of them. The argument considers only the available options.

B- Copy and Paste example:

Catholic Church Now Struggles to Keep Up With Exorcism Demand by Corey Barnett

- Pattern 4

C v E

~ E

.:. C

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/christianity/catholic-church-now-struggles-to-keep-up-with-exorcism-demand

C- Analysis:

The church has been forced to evaluate whether to put up with the exorcism or face the other side of rebellion from the new upcoming priests who wish to change the old church doctrines. It leaves the church with only two options, to accept the new regime or refuse and lose them.

Ahmad Alazmi

Pattern 5

5- Constructive dilemma

A- Definition:

It the argument that compares more than one conditions to analyze the situation. It compares the resultant situations that are related to one another.

B- Copy and Paste example:

Fixer Upper' Stars Chip and Joanna Gaines on their Faith in God and Taking Risks

The couple shares how, even though they’re complete opposites, they have a strong relationship. Chip describes how he viewed God before He brought Joanna into his life as “wild. He was untamed. He was unruly. And I liked that.” Joanna thinks God brought her Chip to teach her how it’s like to follow Christ “a lot of things are going to push you to a place of discomfort. A lot of things are going to push you to a place of discomfort.”

- Pattern 5

G → J

A (Atheism) → C

G v A

.:. C v J

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/christianity/fixer-upper-stars-chip-and-joanna-gaines-on-their-faith-in-god-and-taking-risks

C- Analysis:

The story of the couples makes constructive dilemma in that one situation whereby the wife did not understand much about God is now constructed by the coming of the husband who knows much about Jesus and the two situations leads to happiness between the couples.

Ahmad Alazmi

Pattern 6

6- The destructive dilemma

It is the explanation of two contradicting situations. The condition of a given circumstance is based on the other circumstance, therefore; the situation cannot be resolved in that the other will be affected. Controlling one situation increases the other condition.

Example

Are Indian-American Hindus Going to Vote for Trump?

INDIAN-AMERICAN SUPPORT FOR DONALD TRUMP MAY CHANGE AFTER REPUBLICAN HINDU COALITION FAUX PAS. At a time when recent scandals have tilted the scales against the Republican presidential nominee, Donald Trump decided to attempt tapping a new potential voter block—Indian-Americans. Statistics indicate almost 70 percent of Indian Americans will be voting for Democrat Hillary Clinton instead of Trump. Despite this, Trump knew had no choice but to try his luck with the community, especially since he lost favor with evangelical Americans, who were once his major source of support.

- Patter 6

~ I → T

H → ~ R

.:. ~ I v H

T v ~R

http://www.worldreligionnews.com/issues/are-indian-american-hindus-really-going-to-vote-for-trump

C- Analysis:

The relationship between the definition and the example is that the aspirant Trump made two different remarks on the Indians referring to them as Hindus while others do not practice the religion. The next occasion he made fun of the Religion. They are so much undecided on what to trust about him.