essay about Formal Logic (5-6pages)

Ahmad Alazmi

DIAGRAMMING CATEGORICAL CLAIMS -DH 103-117

A-Claim

1- Definition: A-Claim is a categorical claim of the form “All I are P” for example; All Dog are Animals. A-Claim also includes one class within the other.

http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/child-terrorist-halloween-costume-featuring-9011412

2- Copy and Paste example:

One angry dad stormed: “It seems that just dressing up like a Muslim and having a beard means you look like a terrorist, which sends out the message that all Muslims are terrorists.”

I P

All Muslims are terrorists

Diagram :

Analysis:

“Muslims” is the variable used for the subject term and “Terrorists” is the variable for the predicate term. 

“All Muslims are terrorists”

Asserts that every member of the Islamic religion is also a terrorist

E-Claim:

1- Definition: E-Claim is a categorical claim of the form "No S are P."  

for example; No plants are animals. Which means that E is a set being called empty

http://cis.org/cadman/not-all-terrorists-are-muslim-extremists

2- Copy and Paste Example:

Not All Terrorists Are Muslim Extremists

The media are reporting the crash of a small aircraft in East Hartford, Conn., by an alien in pilot training who died on impact. His co-pilot (and trainer) for the flight, now hospitalized with serious injuries, says the act was deliberate. The pilot, Feras Freitekh, was a Jordanian national of Palestinian descent who entered the United States on a visa permitting him to attend pilot school.

S P

Not All Terrorists Are Muslim Extremists

Diagram:

3- Analysis:

The example is an E-Claim because it is convertible. No S is P is exactly equivalent to No P is S. Just like our example

Not All Terrorists Are Muslim Extremists

Is the exact same thing as Not all Muslim are Terrorist

I-Claim

1- Definition: I-claim is a categorical claim of the form "Some S are P." ‘Some’ may mean as many as everything or just one individual thing. For example: Some Dogs are biters.

https://www.onfaith.co/discussion/10-things-i-wish-everyone-knew-about-atheism

2- Copy and Paste example:

Most religious people are secular most of the time. Ask yourself how you would behave differently if you stopped believing in God. If you can’t come up with a good answer, then you are what I call a functional atheist

S P

Most religious people are secular

Diagram:

Analysis:

The example is an I-Claim because it is convertible. Some S is P is exactly equivalent to Some P is S. Just like our example

Most religious people are secular

Is the exact same thing as Most seculars are religious people

O-Claim:

1- Definition: O-Claim is a categorical claim of the form "Some S are not P." for example “Some Dogs are not biters” this claim formed by changing a categorical claim from affirmative to a negative one.

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/01/muslim-women-sharia-divorce

2- Copy and Paste Example:

Two-thirds of the signatories know someone, be it a family member, friend or client, who has used a sharia divorce service; 25% have used one themselves and others want the option, should they ever need it. Despite the sometimes traumatic experience of being questioned by male scholars about their domestic abuse, most Muslim women do not want these sharia services to be abolished. I know this is not what many people want to hear because it does not suit their political agendas. In fact, Muslim women are alarmed that some feminists are pushing their own anti-faith or anti-Islam agendas through the guise of women’s rights. They view Islam in a reductionist manner, regarding all faith practices as discriminatory and conflating misogyny and patriarchy with religious fundamentalism and extremism.

S P

Most Muslim women do not want these sharia services to be abolished

Diagram:

3- Analysis:

The example is an O-Claim because it cannot be convertible. Some S is not P is not equivalent to Some P is not S. Just like our example