| | | | | | | | | | 11/11/16 |
| Google Inc., a large Internet service provider, is evaluating the possible acquisition of Levy Corp. (LEV), a regional Internet service provider. Google's analysts project the following pre-merger data for LEV (in thousands of dollars): |
| | | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Net sales | | | $500 | $600 | $700 | $760 | $806 |
| Selling and administrative expense | | | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 96 |
| Interest | | | 30 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 74 |
| If the acquisition is made, it will occur on January 1, 2017. All cash flows shown in the income statements are assumed to occur at the end of the year. LEV currently has a capital structure of 30 percent debt, which costs 9 percent, but Google would increase that to 40 percent debt, costing 10 percent if the acquisition were made. LEV, if independent, would pay taxes at 30 percent, but its income would be taxed at 35 percent if it werre consolidated. LEV's current market-determined beta is 1.40. The cost of goods sold is expected to be 65 percent of sales, but it could vary somewhat. Gross investment in operating assets is expected to be equal to depreciation--replacing worn out equipment, so net investment in operating assets will be zero. The risk-free rate is 7 percent, and the market risk premium is 6.5 percent. LEV currently has $400,000 in debt outstanding. Use the compressed APV model to answer the following questions. |
| Tax rate of LEV before the merger | | | | | 30% |
| Tax rate after merger | | | | | 35% |
| Cost of goods sold as a % of sales | | | | | 65% |
| Debt ratio (percent financed with debt) before the merger | | | | | 30% |
| Cost of debt before merger | | | | | 9% |
| Debt ratio (percent financed with debt) after the merger | | | | | 40% |
| Cost of debt after merger | | | | | 10% |
| Beta of LEV | | | | | 1.40 |
| Risk-free rate | | | | | 7% |
| Market risk premium | | | | | 6.5% |
| Terminal growth rate of free cash flow | | | | | 6.0% |
| Pre-merger debt (in thousands) | | | | | $ 400 |
| a. What is the unlevered cost of equity? |
| The unlevered cost of equity should be used to discount the FCFs, tax shields and horizon value. |
| Step 1: Find the levered cost of equity at old capital structure. |
| rL= | | | | rl=rfr+Beta(MRP) |
| Step 2: Find the unlevered cost of equity. |
| bu= | | | | bu=bl/[1+(1-t)*(D/S)] |
| ru= |
| b. What is the horizon value of the tax shields and the unlevered operations? What is the value of LEV’s operations and the value of LEV’s equity to Google’s shareholders? |
| Before we can proceed with this problem, we must generate pro forma income statements for LEV's operations before the proposed merger so we can calculate free cash flow and interest tax shields. |
| | | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Sales |
| Cost of Goods Sold (incl. depreciation) |
| Gross Profit |
| Selling/admin. costs |
| EBIT |
| Interest |
| EBT |
| Taxes |
| Net Income |
| EBIT |
| NOPAT |
| Investment in net operating capital |
| FCF |
| * In this scenario, we state that investment in net operating capital is zero. This arises from the fact that the only needed investments are those needed to replace worn out capital, and that they equal depreciation. |
| We must determine the tax shields. |
| From this point, we can derive horizon value from the basic DCF framework. |
| The tax shield is the interest multiplied by the pre-merger tax rate. |
| | | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Interest | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tax shield |
| HVTS 2020 | = | TS2021 | * | (1+g) | / | (rd) | - | g) |
| HVTS 2020 | = | | * | | / | | - |
| HVTS 2020 | = | | / |
| HVTS 2020 | = |
| To calculate the value of the tax shields add the horizon value of the tax shields to the 2021 tax shield |
| to get the total tax shield cash flow in 2021. In the other years the total TS cash flow is just the annual TS |
| Then find the NPV of this stream of tax shields at pre-merger, pre-tax cost of debt. |
| | | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Total TS Cash Flows |
| NPV of TS Cash Flows | | | | This is the value of all of the tax shields. |
| To calculate the unlevered value of operations you need the unlevered horizon value and the |
| the annual free cash flows. |
| To calculate the unlevered horizon value, we just need the free cash flow for 2021 |
| HVUL 2021 | = | FCF2021 | * | (1+g) | / | (rsU | - | g) |
| HVUL 2021 | = | | * | | / | | - |
| HVUL 2021 | = | | / |
| HVUL 2021 | = |
| To calculate the unlevered value of operations, add the unlevered horizon value to the free cash flow |
| in 2021 to get the total unlevered cash flow in 2021. In the other years the unlevered cash flow is |
| just the annual free cash flow. The unlevered value of operations is the NPV of the unlevered |
| cash flows at the unlevered cost of equity. |
| Year | | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Total unlevered CFs |
| NPV of unlevered CFs | | | | This is the unlevered value of operations |
| The value of operations is the value of the interest tax shields plus the unlevered value of operations |
| | | VTS | + | Vunlevered |
| Vops | = | | + |
| Vops | = |
| To find the value of LEV to Google's shareholders take the value of operations, add in any non-operating assets (there are non for LEV) and subtract off the debt. |
| Vops | = |
| Debt | = |
| Equity | = |
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excel_assignment_2..xlsx
