History Exam Essay
Mike Wang
20warsofdemocraticrevolution2012nonotes.pptxWarfare in the Age of Democratic Revolution
Terms
French Revolution (1789-1799) cannonade at Valmy (1792) levee en masse nationalism Napoleon strategic net strategic envelopment Antoine-Henri Jomini, Summary of the Art of War (1838) Carl von Clausewitz, On War (1831) principles of war “trinity of war”
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Introduction
The French Revolution
background
stages
moderate phase (1789-1792) radical phase (1793-1794) reaction phase (1794-1799) wars of the French Revolution
cannonade at Valmy, 1792 levee en masse nationalism
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Cannonade at Valmy, 20 September 1792
French revolutionary army turns back the Prussian and Austrian armies
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Nationalism
- people (common language, customs, heritage)
- belief that political boundaries should coincide with those of people (self determination)
- people as source of legitimate authority
- moral role for the state
- subordination of individual to the state the highest form of self actualization.
Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830)
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The Levée en Masse, August 23, 1793
1. From this moment until that in which the enemy shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothing and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the aged shall betake themselves to the public places in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.
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Wars of Napoleon
end of the republic rise of Napoleon
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“strategic net”
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strategic envelopment
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Interpreters of Napoleon
Jomini – principles of war Clausewitz – philosophy of war
The Children’s Illustrated Clausewitz http://clausewitzforkids.wordpress.com/
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Note: These illustrate a Jominian approach, not specific Jominian precepts.
Jomini – Summary of the Art of War (1838)
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Clausewitzian Trinity of War (schematic from Air War College, Montgomery, Ala.) Carl von Clausewitz, On War (1831)
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Conclusion: Transformation of War
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