Financial ManagementI

^ "Greek cabinet backs George Papandreou's referendum plan". BBC News. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

^ "Papandreou calls off Greek referendum". UPI. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

^ a b Helena Smith (10 November 2011). "Lucas Papademos to lead Greece's interim coalition government". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

^ Leigh Phillips (11 November 2011). "ECB man to rule Greece for 15 weeks". EUobserver. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

^ a b c d Smith, Helena (1 February 2012). "IMF official admits: austerity is harming Greece". The Guardian. Athens. Retrieved 1 February 2012.

^ a b "Der ganze Staat soll neu gegründet werden". Sueddeutsche. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

^ "QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: 4th quarter 2011 (Provisional)" (PDF). Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

^ "EU interim economic forecast -February 2012" (PDF). European Commission. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

^ "Eurostat Newsrelease 24/2012: Industrial production down by 1.1% in euro area in December 2011 compared with November 2011" (PDF). Eurostat. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

^ Wearden, Graeme; Garside, Juliette (14 February 2012). "Eurozone debt crisis live: UK credit rating under threat amid Moody's downgrade blitz". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

^ "Pleitewelle rollt durch Südeuropa". Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

^ Hatzinikolaou, Prokopis (7 February 2012). "Dramatic drop in budget revenues". Ekathimerini. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

^ "Greek voters spell out their disapproval of austerity". Guardian. 18 May 2014.

^ Timothy Garton Ash (8 March 2015). "Europe is being torn apart – but the torture will be slow". Guardian.

^ "Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate". Google/Eurostat. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.

^ "Seasonally adjusted youth unemployment rate". Google/Eurostat. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.

^ "Eurostat Newsrelease 31/2012: Euro area unemployment rate at 10.7% in January 2012" (PDF). Eurostat. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

^ "Youth unemployment, 2012Q4 (%)". Eurostat. April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.

^ "Unemployment statistics". Eurostat. April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

^ "Youth employment is bad—but not as bad as we're told". The New York Times. 26 June 2012.

^ "Eurostat Newsrelease 21/2012: In 2010, 23% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion" (PDF). Eurostat. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

^ Smith, Helena (12 February 2012). "I fear for a social explosion: Greeks can't take any more punishment". Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

^ a b M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "Greece and the Roots the EU Debt Crisis" The Vienna Review, March 2010

^ a b Nouriel Roubini (28 June 2010). "Greece's best option is an orderly default". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 September 2011.

^ Kollewe, Julia (13 May 2012). "How Greece could leave the eurozone—in five difficult steps". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ Taylor, Paul (22 January 2012). "Greece". New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2012.

^ "Pondering a Dire Day: Leaving the Euro". The New York Times. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.

^ "Ein Risiko von 730 Milliarden Euro". Sueddeutsche. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

^ "Q&A: Greek debt crisis". BBC News. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2014.

^ Forelle, Charles; Burne, Katy (19 March 2012). "Payouts on Greek CDS Will Be 78.5¢ on Dollar". WSJ. Retrieved 14 October 2014.

^ Willem Sels (27 February 2012). "Greek rescue package is no long-term solution, says HSBC's Willem Sels". Investment Europe. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

^ "Insight: How the Greek debt puzzle was solved". Reuters. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ a b "Griechenland spart sich auf Schwellenland-Niveau herunter". Sueddeutsche. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

^ "EU drängt auf drastische Lohnsenkungen in Griechenland". Sueddeutsche. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.

^ a b "Eurogroup statement" (PDF). Eurogroup. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.

^ Pratley, Nils (21 February 2012). "Greece bailout: six key elements of the deal". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 February 2012.

^ "Greece extends buyback offer to reach 30 billion euro target | Reuters". Reuters. 10 December 2012.

^ Hellenic Observatory

^ a b Kevin Featherstone (23 March 2012). "Are the European banks saving Greece or saving themselves?". Greece@LSE. LSE. Retrieved 27 March 2012.

^ a b c Heather Stewart (18 January 2015). "A new idea steals across Europe – should Greece's debt be forgiven?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2015.

^ "Greek aid will go to the banks". Presseurop. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.

^ a b Whittaker, John (2011). "Eurosystem debts, Greece, and the role of banknotes" (PDF). Lancaster University Management School. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

^ Stephanie Flanders (16 February 2012). "Greece: Costing the exit". BBC News. Retrieved 5 April 2012.

^ "Where did the Greek bailout money go?". ESMT. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

^ "A Greek Reprieve: The Germans might have preferred a victory by the left in Athens". Wall Street Journal. 18 June 2012.

^ "Huge Sense of Doom Among 'Grexit' Predictions". CNBC. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

^ Ross, Alice (14 May 2012). "Grexit and the euro: an exercise in guesswork". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ Alexander Boot (14 May 2012). "From 'Grexit' to 'Spain in the neck': It's time for puns, neologisms and break-ups". Mail Online – Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ "Grexit Greek Exit From The Euro". Maxfarquar.com. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ Hubbard, Glenn and Tim Kane. (2013). Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America. Simon & Schuster. P. 204. ISBN 978-1-4767-0025-0

^ "Grexit – What does Grexit mean?". Gogreece.about.com. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ Buiter, Willem. "Rising Risks of Greek Euro Area Exit". Willem Buiter. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

^ "Troika report (Draft version 11 November 2012)" (PDF). European Commission. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

^ "Greece seeks 2-year austerity extension". Financial Times. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.

^ "Samaras raises alarm about lack of liquidity, threat to democracy". Ekathimerini. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

^ "Unsustainable debt, restructuring or new stimulus package" (in Greek). Kathimerini. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

^ "One step forward, two back for Greece on debt". eKathimerini. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

^ Bouras, Stelios; Paris, Costas; Dalton, Matthew (11 December 2012). "Greece's Buyback Effort Advances". Wall Street Journal.

^ "European economic forecast – autumn 2012". European Commission. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k FT Writers (9 May 2013). "Hint of southern comfort shows need to bolster reform process". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

^ "MSCI reclassifies Greece to emerging market status". Reuters. 11 June 2013.

^ "Occasional Papers 192: The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece. Fourth Review, April 2014" (PDF). Table 11. Greece Financing Needs 2012–2016. European Commission. 18 June 2014.

^ "IMF Country Report No. 14/151: GREECE—Fifth Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility, and Request for Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criterion and Rephasing of Access; Staff Report; Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director for Greece" (PDF). Table 14. Greece: State Government Financing Requirements and Sources, 2013–16. IMF. 9 June 2014.

^ "Greek economy to grow by 2.9 pct in 2015, draft budget". Newsbomb.gr. 6 October 2014.

^ "Greece plans new bond sales and confirms growth target for next year". Irish Independent. 6 October 2014.

^ a b "QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: 3rd Quarter 2014 (Flash Estimates) and revised data 1995 Q1-2014 Q2" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). 14 November 2014.

^ a b "European Economic Forecast Autumn 2014 – 8.Greece" (PDF). European Commission. 4 November 2014.

^ a b "Press conference (4 October 2012): Introductory statement to the press conference (with Q&A)". ECB. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.

^ a b c d "The European Stability Mechanism May 2014" (PDF). European Stability Mechanism (ESM). 5 May 2014.

^ "Analysis: Markets keep government in check". Kathimerini. 16 November 2014.

^ "Press release: Quarterly National Accounts – 1st Quarter 2015 (Flash Estimates)" (PDF). ELSTAT. 13 May 2015.

^ "IMF suspends aid to Greece ahead of new elections". Kathimerini. 29 December 2014.

^ Burleigh, Marc (July 6, 2015). "Greece's finance minister out as eurozone weighs cost of 'No' vote". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved July 6, 2015 – via MSN News.

^ Fidler, Stephen (July 5, 2015). "Referendum Result Takes Greece, and Eurozone, Into the Unknown". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2015.

^ McConnell, Daniel (13 February 2011). "Remember how Ireland was ruined by bankers". Independent News & Media PLC. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

^ "Brian Lenihan, Jr, Obituary and Info". The Journal. Retrieved 30 June 2012.

^ Lewis, Michael (2011). Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08181-7.

^ "CIA World Factbook-Ireland-Retrieved 2 December 2011". CIA. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "The money pit". The Economist. 30 September 2010.

^ EU unveils Irish bailout, CNN, 2 December 2010

^ a b Gammelin, Cerstin; Oldag, Andreas (21 November 2011). "Ihr Krisenländer, schaut auf Irland!". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

^ "Moody's cuts all Irish banks to junk status". RTÉ. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

^ Hayes, Cathy (21 July 2011). "Ireland gets more time for bailout repayment and interest rate cut". IrishCentral. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

^ Reilly, Gavan (September 14, 2011). "European Commission reduces margin on Irish bailout to zero". The Journal. Retrieved 30 January 2014.

^ "Euro Plus Monitor 2011 (p. 55)". The Lisbon Council. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.

^ O'Donovan, Donal (27 July 2012). "Ireland borrows over €5bn on first day back in bond markets". Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

^ "No penalty on early repayment of bailout loan, Ireland assured by IMF". Ireland News.Net. Retrieved 13 August 2014.

^ "Ireland: Before and after bailout". BBC News. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

^ ""General government gross debt", Eurostat, retrieved 4 June, 2014.". Retrieved 14 October 2014.

^ "Ireland sells first 10-year government bonds since before bailout". Business ETC. 13 March 2013.

^ (Portuguese) "O estado a que o Estado chegou" no 2.º lugar do top, Diário de Notícias (2 March 2011)

^ (Portuguese) "O estado a que o Estado chegou" no 2.º lugar do top, Diário de Notícias (2 March 2012)

^ Bond credit ratings

^ "Moody's downgrades Portugal debt". BBC News. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

^ Andres Cala (7 April 2011). "Portugal requests bailout". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 30 June 2012.

^ Portugal Q2 Unemployment Rate Rises To Record High, RTTNews (14 August 2012)

^ a b "Portugal seeks market access with $5 bln bond exchange". Kathimerini (English Edition). 3 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

^ "Data archive for bonds and rates (Ten-year government bond spreads on 30 January 2012)". Financial Times. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.

^ "Portugal 10-Year Bond Yield". Investing.com.

^ Charlton, Emma (24 January 2013). "Portugal Sells Five-Year Bonds for First Time in Two Years". Bloomberg.

^ "Portugal sells 10-year bonds for first time since bailout". El Pais. 7 May 2013.

^ a b "Portugal beschließt sauberes Aus für den Rettungsschirm". Wallstreet Journal Germany. Retrieved 18 May 2014.

^ "Rehabilitating Portugal" (PDF). TortusCapital. January 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.

^ Murado, Miguel-Anxo (1 May 2010). "Repeat with us: Spain is not Greece". The Guardian. London.

^ ""General government gross debt", Eurostat table, 2003–2010". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.euz. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ "Strong core, pain on the periphery". The Economist. 5 November 2013.

^ Juan Carlos Hidalgo (31 May 2012). "Looking at Austerity in Spain". Cato Institute.

^ Christopher Bjork; Jonathan House; Sara Schaefer Muñoz (25 May 2012). "Spain Pours Billions into Bank". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 May 2012.

^ "Spain's Bankia Seeking $19B in Government Aid". Fox Business. Reuters. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.

^ Jonathan Weil (14 June 2012). "The EU Smiled While Spain's Banks Cooked the Books". Bloomberg.

^ Sills, Ben (30 September 2012). "Bloomberg-Ben Sills-Spain to Borrow $267B of Debt Amidst Rescue Pressure-September 2012". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

^ La Rioja. "Zapatero y Rajoy pactan reformar la Constitución para limitar el déficit". larioja.com.

^ Mamta Badkar (26 August 2011). "Here Are The Details From Spain's New Balanced Budget Amendment". Business Insider. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ Giles, Tremlett, "Spain changes constitution to cap budget deficit", The Guardian, 26 August 2011

^ a b Charles Forell; Gabriele Steinhauser (11 June 2012). "Latest Europe Rescue Aims to Prop Up Spain". Wall Street Journal.

^ "Obama calls for 'resolute' spending cuts in Spain". EUObserver. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.

^ "Spain Lowers Public Wages After EU Seeks Deeper Cuts". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.

^ ""General government deficit/surplus", Eurostat, retrieved 4 June, 2014.". Retrieved 14 October 2014.

^ Ian Traynor; Nicholas Watt (6 June 2012). "Spain calls for new tax pact to save euro: Madrid calls for Europe-wide plan but resists 'humiliation' of national bailout". The Guardian. London.

^ "Comunicado íntegro del Eurogrupo sobre el rescate a la banca española". Diario de Avisos. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-26.

^ "The Spanish bail-out: Going to extra time". The Economist. 16 June 2012.

^ Matina Stevis (6 July 2012). "Doubts Emerge in Bloc's Rescue Deal". Wall Street Journal.

^ Bruno Waterfield (29 June 2012). "Debt crisis: Germany caves in over bond buying, bank aid after Italy and Spain threaten to block 'everything'". Telegraph. London.

^ a b Stephen Castle; Melissa Eddy (7 September 2012). "Bond Plan Lowers Debt Costs, but Germany Grumbles". The New York Times.

^ Emese Bartha; Jonathan House (18 September 2012). "Spain Debt Sells Despite Bailout Pressure". Wall Street Journal.[dead link]

^ a b "European Economy Occasional Papers 118: The Financial Sector Adjustment Programme for Spain" (PDF). European Commission. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

^ FT writers (9 May 2013). "Hint of southern comfort shows need to bolster reform process". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

^ "Spain formally exits bank bailout program in better shape". El paisl. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

^ James Wilson (25 June 2012). "Cyprus requests eurozone bailout". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

^ "Cyprus asks EU for financial bailout". Al Jazeera. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

^ Tugwell, Paul (30 November 2012). "Cyprus, Troika Agree Bailout Terms, ECB Demetriades Says". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

^ K S Ramakrishnan; Mrs Vidyalaxmi (18 February 2013). "Euro-zone crisis Scope or Scoop for Healthcare Professionals and Health Tourism in India". PRDLC, Mumbai. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

^ Ramakrishnan KS; Vidyalaxmi Venkataramani (2013). "Eurozone crisis and its impact on Healthcare Professionals seeking employment in Europe". UGC sponsored National Research Compendium 1.1 (2013): 30–38.

^ "Cyprus MoU 29 Nov to EWG.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2013.

^ "Cyprus eurozone bailout prompts anger as savers hand over possible 10% levy: Angry Cypriots try in vain to withdraw savings as eurozone bailout terms break taboo of hitting bank depositors". The Guardian. London. Reuters. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.

^ "Euro zone wants no Cypriot deposit levy up to 100,000 euros". Reuters. Reuters. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.

^ "Cyprus lawmakers reject bank tax; bailout in disarray Reuters". 19 March 2013.

^ a b "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus" (PDF). Eurogroup. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

^ a b "The Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus" (PDF). Occasional Papers 149 (yield spreads displayed by graph 19). European Commission. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

^ Nelson, Eshe (18 June 2014). "Cyprus Sells Bonds, Bailed-0ut Nations' Market Exile". Bloomberg.

^ "CYPRUS: Two new EMTN issues in 2015". Financial Mirror. 7 January 2015.

^ "Nicosia satisfied with Cyprus bond sale". In Cyprus. 28 April 2015.

^ "29/04/2015 Announcement – New EMTN Termsheet" (PDF). Cypriot Ministry of Finance (Public Debt Management Office). 28 April 2015.

^ a b c d e f "FAQ about European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the new ESM" (PDF). EFSF. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.

^ a b c d e "Balance of Payments - European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ a b c http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/greek_loan_facility/index_en.htm

^ "Cyprus Gets Second 1.32 Bln Euro Russian Loan Tranche". RiaNovosti. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

^ "Russia loans Cyprus 2.5 billion". The Guardian. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

^ Hadjipapas, Andreas; Hope, Kerin (14 September 2011). "Cyprus nears €2.5bn Russian loan deal". Financial Times. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

^ a b "Public Debt Management Annual Report 2013" (PDF). Cypriot Ministry of Finance. 22 May 2014.

^ "Eurogroup statement on a possible macro-financial assistance programme for Cyprus" (PDF). Eurogroup. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.

^ "European Commission statement on Cyprus". European Commission. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

^ "Speech: Statement on Cyprus in the European Parliament (SPEECH/13/325 by Olli Rehn)". European Commission. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.

^ "Cyprus could lower debt post-bailout with ESM". Kathimerini (English edition). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.

^ "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus" (PDF). Eurogroup. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.

^ "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus". Eurozone Portal. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

^ "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus" (PDF). Eurogroup. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

^ "The Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus" (PDF). Occasional Papers 149 (yield spreads displayed by graph 19). European Commission. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

^ a b "The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece" (PDF). European Commission. March 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

^ "EFSF Head: Fund to contribute 109.1b euros to Greece's second bailout". Marketall. 16 March 2012.

^ "FAQ – New disbursement of financial assistance to Greece" (PDF). EFSF. 22 January 2013.

^ "The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (Third review July 2013)" (PDF). European Commission. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.

^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions on the EFSF: Section E – The programme for Greece" (PDF). European Financial Stability Facility. 19 March 2015.

^ "EFSF programme for Greece expires today". ESM. 30 June 2015.

^ "FAQ document on Greece" (PDF). ESM. 13 July 2015.

^ "Greece: Financial Position in the Fund as of June 30, 2015". IMF. 18 July 2015.

^ "FIFTH REVIEW UNDER THE EXTENDED ARRANGEMENT UNDER THE EXTENDED FUND FACILITY, AND REQUEST FOR WAIVER OF NONOBSERVANCE OF PERFORMANCE CRITERION AND REPHASING OF ACCESS; STAFF REPORT; PRESS RELEASE; AND STATEMENT BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR GREECE" (PDF). Table 13. Greece: Schedule of Proposed Purchases under the Extended Arrangement, 2012–16. IMF. 10 June 2014.

^ "Greece: An Update of IMF Staff's Preliminary Public Debt Sustainability Analysis". IMF. 14 July 2015.

^ "ESM Board of Governors approves decision to grant, in principle, stability support to Greece". ESM. 17 July 2015.

^ "Eurogroup statement on the ESM programme for Greece". Council of the European Union. 14 August 2015.

^ a b c "FAQ on ESM/EFSF financial assistance for Greece" (PDF). ESM. 19 August 2015.

^ "Angela Merkel sees IMF joining Greek bailout, floats debt relief". National Post (Financial Post). 17 August 2015.

^ "Council implementing decision (EU) 2015/1181 of 17 July 2015: on granting short-term Union financial assistance to Greece". Official Journal of the EU. 18 July 2015.

^ "EFSM: Council approves €7bn bridge loan to Greece". Council of the EU. 17 July 2015.

^ "Third supplemental memorandum of understanding" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "IMF Financial Activities - Update September 30, 2010". Imf.org. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "Convert Euros (EUR) and Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator". Coinmill.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "Dáil Éireann Debate (Vol.733 No.1): Written Answers - National Cash Reserves". Houses of the Oireachtas. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2013.

^ "Ireland's EU/IMF Programme: Programme Summary". National Treasury Management Agency. 31 March 2014.

^ "Balance-of-payments assistance to Latvia". European Commission. 17 May 2013.

^ "International Loan Programme: Questions and Answers". Latvian Finance Ministry.

^ "Statement by Vice-President Siim Kallas on Portugal's decision regarding programme exit". European Commission. 5 May 2014.

^ "Statement by the EC, ECB, and IMF on the Twelfth Review Mission to Portugal". IMF. 2 May 2014.

^ "Portugal to do without final bailout payment". EurActiv. 13 June 2014.

^ "The Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal 2011-2014" (PDF). European Commission. 17 October 2014.

^ "Occasional Papers 191: The Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal Eleventh Review" (PDF). ANNEX 3: Indicative Financing Needs and Sources. European Commission. 23 April 2014.

^ "Portugal: Final disbursement made from EU financial assistance programme". European Commission. 12 November 2014.

^ "IMF Financial Activities - Update March 24, 2011". Imf.org. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "Convert Euros (EUR) and Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator". Coinmill.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "IMF Financial Activities - Update September 27, 2012". Imf.org. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "Convert Euros (EUR) and Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator". Coinmill.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.

^ "Press release: IMF Approves Three-Month Extension of SBA for Romania". IMF. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.

^ "Occasional Papers 156: Overall assessment of the two balance-of-payments assistance programmes for Romania, 2009-2013" (PDF). ANNEX 1: Financial Assistance Programmes in 2009-2013. European Commission. July 2013.

^ "2013/531/EU: Council Decision of 22 October 2013 providing precautionary Union medium-term financial assistance to Romania" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 29 October 2013.

^ "WORLD BANK GROUP Romania Partnership: COUNTRY PROGRAM SNAPSHOT" (PDF). World Bank. April 2014.

^ "Occasional Papers 165 - Romania: Balance-of-Payments Assistance Programme 2013-2015" (PDF). ANNEX 1: Financial Assistance Programmes in 2009-2013. European Commission. November 2013.

^ "PROGRAM DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF €750 MILLION TO ROMANIA: FOR THE FIRST FISCAL EFFECTIVENESS AND GROWTH DEVELOPMENT POLICY LOAN" (PDF). World Bank - IBRD. 29 April 2014.

^ "World Bank launched Romania's Country Partnership Strategy for 2014-2017" (PDF). ACTMedia - Romanian Business News. 29 May 2014.

^ a b "Financial Assistance Facility Agreement between ESM, Spain, Bank of Spain and FROB" (PDF). European Commission. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

^ a b "FAQ - Financial Assistance for Spain" (PDF). ESM. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

^ "State aid: Commission approves restructuring plans of Spanish banks BFA/Bankia, NCG Banco, Catalunya Banc and Banco de Valencia". Europa (European Commission). 28 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

^ "Spain requests €39.5bn bank bail-out, but no state rescue". The Telegraph. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

^ "State aid: Commission approves restructuring plans of Spanish banks Liberbank, Caja3, Banco Mare Nostrum and Banco CEISS". Europa (European Commission). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

^ "ESM financial assistance to Spain". ESM. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.

^ "European Economy Occasional Papers 130: Financial Assistance Programme for the Recapitalisation of Financial Institutions in Spain - Second Review of the Programme Spring 2013". European Commission. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

^ "Spain's exit". ESM. 31 December 2013.

^ "Spain successfully exits ESM financial assistance programme". ESM. 31 December 2013.

^ [1] The EFSF, "a legal instrument agreed by finance ministers earlier this month following the risk of Greece's debt crisis spreading to other weak economies".

^ Thesing, Gabi (22 January 2011). "European Rescue Fund May Buy Bonds, Recapitalize Banks, ECB's Stark Says". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ Europeanvoice.com "Media reports said that Spain would ask for support from two EU funds for eurozone governments in financial difficulty: a €60bn ‘European financial stabilisation mechanism', which is reliant on guarantees from the EU budget".

^ Hamish Risk (25 January 2011). "International banking finance and capital markets news and analysis". Euromoney.com. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ "TEXT-Euro zone finance ministers approve extending EFSF capacity". Reuters. UK. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.

^ Maatouk, Michele (10 May 2010). "European Markets Surge". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 February 2012.

^ Silberstein, Daniela (10 May 2010). "European Shares Jump Most in 17 Months as EU Pledges Loan Fund". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Traynor, Ian (10 May 2010). "Euro strikes back with biggest gamble in its 11-year history". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 10 May 2010.

^ Wearden, Graeme; Kollewe, Julia (17 May 2010). "Euro hits four-year low on fears debt crisis will spread". The Guardian. UK.

^ Kitano, Masayuki (21 May 2010). "Euro surges in short-covering rally, Aussie soars". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2010.

^ Chanjaroen, Chanyaporn (10 May 2010). "Oil, Copper, Nickel Jump on European Bailout Plan; Gold Drops". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Jenkins, Keith (10 May 2010). "Dollar Libor Holds Near Nine-Month High After EU Aid". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Moses, Abigail (10 May 2010). "Default Swaps Tumble After EU Goes 'All In': Credit Markets". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Kearns, Jeff (10 May 2010). "VIX Plunges by Record 36% as Stocks Soar on European Loan Plan". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ "Shares and oil prices surge after EU loan deal". BBC. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.

^ Nazareth, Rita (10 May 2010). "Stocks, Commodities, Greek Bonds Rally on European Loan Package". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ McDonald, Sarah (10 May 2010). "Asian Bond Risk Tumbles Most in 18 Months on EU Loan Package". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Stearns, Jonathan. "Euro-Area Ministers Seal Rescue-Fund Deal to Stem Debt Crisis". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2012-05-16.

^ "European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)" (PDF). European Commission. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.

^ a b "The Spanish patient". Economist. 28 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

^ "Welches Land gehört zu den großen Sorgenkindern?". Sueddeutsche. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.

^ a b Gibson, Kate, "S&P takes Europe's rescue fund down a notch", MarketWatch, 16 January 2012 2:37 pm EST. Retrieved 16 January 2012.

^ Standard & Poor's Ratings Services quoted at "S&P cuts EFSF bail-out fund rating: statement in full". BBC. 16 January 2012. Standard & Poor's Ratings Services today lowered the 'AAA' long-term issuer credit rating on the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to 'AA+' from 'AAA'.... We lowered to 'AA+' the long-term ratings on two of the EFSF's previously 'AAA' rated guarantor members, France and Austria. The outlook on the long-term ratings on France and Austria is negative, indicating that we believe that there is at least a one-in-three chance that we will lower the ratings again in 2012 or 2013. We affirmed the ratings on the other 'AAA' rated EFSF members: Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands.

^ "EU bonds for Ireland bailout well-received on market". Xinhua. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

^ "AFP: First EU bond for Ireland attracts strong demand: HSBC". Google. AFP. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

^ Bartha, Emese (5 January 2011). "A Mixed Day for European Debt". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

^ Jolly, David (5 January 2011). "Irish Bailout Begins as Europe Sells Billions in Bonds". The New York Times.

^ Robinson, Frances (21 December 2010). "EU's Bailout Bond Three Times Oversubscribed". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

^ "il bond è stato piazzato al tasso del 2,59%". Movisol.org. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

^ a b c "European Council Press releases". European Council. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ "Leaders agree eurozone debt deal after late-night talks". BBC News. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.

^ Bhatti, Jabeen (27 October 2011). "EU leaders reach a deal to tackle debt crisis". USA Today. Retrieved 27 October 2011.

^ "Greece debt crisis: Markets dive on Greek referendum". Bbc.co.uk. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-16.

^ Thomas, Landon, Jr., "Banks Retrench in Europe While Keeping Up Appearances" (limited no-charge access), The New York Times, 22 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-22.

^ Blas, Javier, "Commodities trade finance crisis deepens" (limited no-charge access), Financial Times, 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.

^ "ECB decides on measures to address severe tensions in financial markets". ECB. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.

^ "Bundesbank: "EZB darf nicht Staatsfinanzierer werden"". Die Presse. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.

^ "Summary of ad hoc communication". ECB. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

^ "Summary of ad hoc communication: Related to monetary policy implementation issued by the ECB since 1 January 2007". ECB. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.

^ "ECB May Hit Bond Sterilization Limit in January, Rabobank Says". Bloomberg Businessweek. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.

^ "ECB: ECB decides on measures to address severe tensions in financial markets". Retrieved 10 May 2010.

^ Lanman, Scott (10 May 2010). "Fed Restarts Currency Swaps as EU Debt Crisis Flares". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Lesova, Polya (5 March 2010). "ECB suspends rating threshold for Greece debt". MarketWatch. Retrieved 5 May 2010.

^ "Grosse Notenbanken versorgen Banken mit Liquidität – Kursfeuerwerk an den Börsen – auch SNB beteiligt". NZZ Online. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ a b c d e f "ECB imposes negative interest rate". BBC. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

^ a b c d e Jack Ewing; Neil Irwin (5 June 2014). "European Central Bank Breaks New Ground to Press Growth". New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

^ "Belgium's Praet to serve as ECB's chief economist". MarketWatch. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.

^ "ECB announces measures to support bank lending and money market activity". December 2011.

^ "ECB Lends 489 Billion Euros for 3 Years, Exceeding Forecast". Business Week. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.

^ "Markets live transcript 29 February 2012". February 2012.

^ Wearden, Graeme; Fletcher, Nick (29 February 2012). "Eurozone crisis live: ECB to launch massive cash injection". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ Ewing, Jack; Jolly, David (21 December 2011). "Banks in the euro zone must raise more than 200 billion euros in the first three months of 2012". New York Times. Retrieved 21 December 2011.

^ Wearden, Graeme; Fletcher, Nick (29 February 2012). "Eurozone crisis live: ECB to launch massive cash injection". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ "€529 billion LTRO 2 tapped by record 800 banks". Euromoney. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ Charles Forelle; David Enrich (13 July 2012). "Euro-Zone Banks Cut Back Lending". The Wall Street Journal.

^ Jack Ewing (16 June 2012). "European Leaders to Present Plan to Quell the Crisis Quickly". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2012.

^ "Court to Rule on Euro Measures on Sept. 12". Spiegel Online. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

^ Peel, Quentin (12 September 2012). "German court backs ESM bailout fund". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 September 2012.

^ Kaiser, Stefan; Rickens, Christian (20 September 2012). "Euro Zone Changing ESM to Satisfy German Court". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2012-09-27.

^ EUROPEAN COUNCIL 16–17 December 2010 CONCLUSIONS, European Council 17 December 2010

^ Parliament approves Treaty change to allow stability mechanism, European Parliament

^ "Retrieved 22 March 2011 Published 22 March 2011". Monstersandcritics.com. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-14.

^ "EUROPEAN COUNCIL 24/25 March 2011 CONCLUSIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-14.

^ TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN STABILITY MECHANISM (ESM) between Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Finland; Council of the European Union.

^ "Council reaches agreement on measures to strengthen economic governance" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ a b Pidd, Helen (2 December 2011). "Angela Merkel vows to create 'fiscal union' across eurozone". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 December 2011.

^ a b "European fiscal union: what the experts say". The Guardian. London. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.

^ Baker, Luke (9 December 2011). "WRAPUP 5-Europe moves ahead with fiscal union, UK isolated". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ "The fiscal compact ready to be signed". European Commission. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.

^ Fletcher, Nick (9 December 2011). "European leaders resume Brussels summit talks: live coverage". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ Faiola, Anthony; Birnbaum, Michael (9 December 2011). "23 European Union leaders agree to fiscal curbs, but Britain blocks broad deal". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ Chris Morris (9 December 2011). "UK alone as EU agrees fiscal deal". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-16.

^ End of the veto honeymoon? Cameron on backfoot over euro policy Politics.co.uk, Ian Dunt, Friday, 6 January 2012

^ John Rentoul, "any PM would have done as Cameron did" The Independent 11 December 2011

^ Steven Erlanger; Paul Geitner (29 June 2012). "Europeans Agree to Use Bailout Fund to Aid Banks". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

^ "EURO AREA SUMMIT STATEMENT" (PDF). Brussels: European Union. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. We affirm that it is imperative to break the vicious circle between banks and sovereigns. The Commission will present Proposals on the basis of Article 127(6) for a single supervisory mechanism shortly. We ask the Council to consider these Proposals as a matter of urgency by the end of 2012. When an effective single supervisory mechanism is established, involving the ECB, for banks in the euro area the ESM could, following a regular decision, have the possibility to recapitalise banks directly.

^ Gavyn Davies (29 June 2012). "More questions than answers after the summit". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

^ Kaletsky, Anatole (6 February 2012). "'The Greek Vise'". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 7 February 2012.

^ Kaletsky, Anatole (11 February 2010). "'Greek tragedy won't end in the euro's death'". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2010.

^ "Signatories". Retrieved 15 November 2012.

^ Pierre Briançon (11 October 2012). "Europe must realize austerity doesn't work". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 15 November 2012.

^ Peter Spiegel (7 November 2012). "EU hits back at IMF over austerity". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 November 2012.

^ Paul Krugman and Richard Layard (27 June 2012). "A manifesto for economic sense". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 November 2012.

^ International Monetary Fund: Independent Evaluation Office, Fiscal Adjustment in IMF-supported Programs (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2003); see for example page vii.

^ Fabian Lindner (18 February 2012). "Europe is in dire need of lazy spendthrifts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

^ a b Brad Plumer (12 October 2012) "IMF: Austerity is much worse for the economy than we thought" The Washington Post

^ "Austerität: Eine Geschichte des Scheiterns". Retrieved 3 August 2015.

^ "Investment (% of GDP)". Google/IMF. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

^ "Mνημόνιο ένα χρόνο μετά: Aποδοκιμασία, αγανάκτηση, απαξίωση, ανασφάλεια" [One Year after the Memorandum: Disapproval, Anger, Disdain, Insecurity] (in Greek). skai.gr. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.

^ a b c d Kapoor, Sony, and Peter Bofinger: "Europe can't cut and grow", The Guardian, 6 February 2012.

^ Wolf, Martin (1 May 2012). "'Does austerity lower deficits in the eurozone?'". The New York Times. London. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

^ a b c "Euro Plus Monitor 2012". The Lisbon Council. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.

^ "'Bis zu 26 Billionen in Steueroasen gebunkert'". Der Standard (in German). Vienna: Reuters. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

^ "'Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $21tn'". BBC News. London. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

^ Vendola, Nichi, "Italian debt: Austerity economics? That's dead wrong for us", The Guardian, 13 July 2011.

^ "European cities hit by anti-austerity protests". BBC News. 29 September 2010.

^ a b "European Wage Update". NYT. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

^ "Current account balance (%)". Google/IMF. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

^ "Current account balance (%) and Current account balance (US$) (animation)". Google/IMF. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

^ Booming budget surplus puts pressure on Germany to spend Reuters

^ "Eleven euro states back financial transaction tax". Reuters. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

^ a b c Böll, Sven; Pauly, Christoph; Reiermann, Christian; Sauga, Michael; Schult, Christoph (1 May 2012). "Austerity Backlash: What Merkel's Isolation Means For the Euro Crisis". Spiegel Online. translated by Paul Cohen. Retrieved 14 July 2015.

^ "Draghi slashes interest rates, unveils bond buying plan". Europe News.Net. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

^ Fareed Zakaria (10 November 2011). "CNN Fareed Zakaria GPS". CNN World News. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ Neil Buckley (28 June 2012). "Myths and truths of the Baltic austerity model". Financial Times.

^ "Wir sitzen in der Falle". FAZ. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

^ "Labour cost index – recent trends". Eurostat Wiki. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

^ "Griechenland: "Mittelstand vom Verschwinden bedroht"". Die Presse. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.

^ "Wachsende Verarmung der Italiener wurde im gehässigen Wahlkampf ausgespart". Der Standard. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.

^ "Do some countries in the eurozone need an internal devaluation? A reassessment of what unit labour costs really mean". Vox EU. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

^ "How Austerity Economics Turned Europe Into the Hunger Games". The Huffington Post. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.

^ Keynes, J M , (1931), Addendum to: Great Britain. Committee on Finance and Industry Report [Macmillan Report] (London:His Majesty ́s Stationery Office, 1931) 190–209. Reprinted in Donald Moggridge, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 20 (London: Macmillan and Cambridge: Cambridge Press for the Royal Economic Society, 1981), 283–309.

^ Keynes, John Maynard (1998). The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30766-6.

^ Philippe Aghion, Gilbert Cette, Emmanuel Farhi, et Elie Cohen (24 October 2012). "Pour une dévaluation fiscale". Le Monde.

^ Emmanuel Farhi; Gita Gopinath; Oleg Itskhoki (18 October 2012). "Fiscal Devaluations (Federal Reserve Bank Boston Working Paper No. 12-10)" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

^ a b Isabel Horta Correia (Winter 2011). "Fiscal Devaluation (Economic Bulletin and Financial Stability Report Articles" (PDF). Banco de Portugal. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

^ Gerald Braunberger (4 November 2012). "Man braucht keine eigene Währung, um abzuwerten. Die Finanzpolitik kann es auch. Aus aktuellem Anlass: Das Konzept der fiskalischen Abwertung". FAZ.

^ a b "Euro Plus Monitor 2011". The Lisbon Council. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.

^ a b "Euro Plus Monitor Spring 2013 update". The Lisbon Council. Spring 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

^ Grabel, Ilene (1 May 1998). "Foreign Policy in Focus, Portfolio Investment". Fpif.org. Retrieved 5 May 2010.

^ Pearlstein, Steven (21 May 2010). "Forget Greece: Europe's real problem is Germany". The Washington Post.

^ "CIA Factbook-Data". CIA. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

^ "Ben Bernanke-U.S. Federal Reserve-The Global Savings Glut and U.S. Current Account Balance-March 2005". Federalreserve.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

^ Krugman, Paul (2 March 2009). "Revenge of the Glut". The New York Times.

^ "P2P Foundation " Blog Archive " Defending Greece against failed neoliberal policies through the creation of sovereign debt for the productive economy". Blog.p2pfoundation.net. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.

^ a b Krugman, Paul (7 September 1998). "Saving Asia: It's Time To Get Radical". CNN.

^ Martin Wolf (6 December 2011). "Merkozy failed to save the eurozone". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ Hagelüken, Alexander (8 December 2012). "Starker Mann, was nun?". Sueddeutsche.

^ http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/fatal-fiscal-attractions/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ Appelbaum, Binyamin. "Predicting a Crisis, Repeatedly".

^ "Greenlaw, Hamilton, Hooper, Mishkin Crunch Time: Fiscal Crises and the Role of Monetary Policy-February 2013". Research.chicagobooth.edu. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-03.

^ Mathew O'Brien (7 March 2013). "The Atlantic-No, the United States Will Never, Ever Turn Into Greece". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

^ "European economic forecast – spring 2012". European Commission. 1 May 2012. p. 38. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

^ "Schäuble findet deutliche Lohnerhöhungen berechtigt". Sueddeutsche. 5 May 2012.

^ "Euro zone current account surplus grows – ECB". RTÉ. 21 March 2014.

^ "European Safe Bonds". Euro-nomics.

^ Landon Thomas, Jr. (31 July 2012). "Economic Thinkers Try to Solve the Euro Puzzle". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

^ "President Obama-Remarks by the President-June 2012". whiteHouse.gov. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

^ "Start the Engines, Angela". The Economist. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

^ Caporaso, James; Durrett, Warren; Kim, Min (December 2014). "Still a regulatory state? The European Union and the financial crisis". Journal of European Public Policy: 1–19. doi:10.1080/13501763.2014.988638.

^ Jens Weidmann. "Everything flows? The future role of monetary policy". Deutsche Bundesbank. Retrieved 17 June 2012.

^ Ralph Atkins (14 June 2012). "Bundesbank head backs fiscal union poll". The Financial Times. Retrieved 17 June 2012.

^ Floyd Norris (15 June 2012). "'Federalism by Exception'". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2012. We need not just a currency union; we also need a so-called fiscal union, more common budget policies. And we need above all a political union. That means that we must, step by step as things go forward, give up more powers to Europe as well and allow Europe oversight possibilities. (Angela Merkel)

^ a b "EU Commission unveils proposals on bondholder 'bail-ins' for banks". Irish Times. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

^ "Zweifel an echter Bankenunion in Europa". Der Standard. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

^ "New crisis management measures to avoid future bank bail-outs". European Commission. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

^ "Anatomy of a Bail-In by Thomas Conlon, John Cotter :: SSRN". SSRN. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

^ a b "Barroso to table eurobond blueprint". Associated Press. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

^ "Europe Agrees to Basics of Plan to Resolve Euro Crisis". Associated Press. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.[dead link]

^ "EU's Barroso: Will present options on euro bonds". Reuters. Associated Press. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

^ a b Schulmeister, Stephan (20 October 2011). "The European Monetary Fund: A systemic problem needs a systemic solution" (PDF). Austrian Institute of Economic Research. Retrieved 9 November 2011.

^ Stephen G Cecchetti; M S Mohanty; Fabrizio Zampolli (September 2011). "The real effects of debt (BIS Working Paper No. 352)" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

^ Norma Cohen (24 June 2012). "Global economy is stuck in a vicious cycle, warns BIS". The Financial Times. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

^ Stephen G Cecchetti; M S Mohanty; Fabrizio Zampolli (March 2010). "The Future of Public Debt: Prospects and Implications" (BIS Working Paper No. 300)". Bank for International Settlements. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

^ Thomas Herndon; Michael Ash; Robert Pollin (15 April 2013). "Does High Public Debt Consistently Stifle Economic Growth? A Critique of Reinhart and Rogoff". PERI Policial Research Institute. Retrieved 21 April 2013.

^ a b "Back to Mesopotamia?: The Looming Threat of Debt Restructuring" (PDF). Boston Consulting Group. 23 September 2011.

^ "Harald Spehl: Tschüss, Kapitalmarkt". Die Zeit. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Wie die Grünen 100 Milliarden einsammeln wollen" (in German). 17 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014.

^ "DIE LINKE: Vermögensabgabe ist die beste Schuldenbremse" (in German). Die-linke.de. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Die grüne Vermögensabgabe". Bundestagsfraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011.

^ "Ifo President Sinn Calls For International Debt Conference on Greece". 6 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.

^ Kelton, Stephanie (21 September 2014). "Why is Thomas Piketty's 700-page book a bestseller?". The Guardian. London.

^ Piketty, Thomas (2013). Capital in the Twenty-First Century (1st ed.). Cambridge, USA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 540. ISBN 9780674430006.

^ "Greek aid will go to the banks". Die Gazette. Presseurop. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.

^ Robert Reich (10 May 2011). "Follow the Money: Behind Europe's Debt Crisis Lurks Another Giant Bailout of Wall Street". Social Europe Journal. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

^ Ronald Jansse (28 March 2012). "The Mystery Tour of Restructuring Greek Sovereign Debt". Social Europe Journal. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

^ Nouriel Roubini (7 March 2012). "Greece's Private Creditors Are the Lucky Ones". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

^ "How the Euro Zone Ignored Its Own Rules". Der Spiegel. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

^ Verhelst, Stijn. "The Reform of European Economic Governance : Towards a Sustainable Monetary Union?" (PDF). Egmont – Royal Institute for International Relations. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

^ "Public Finances in EMU – 2011" (PDF). European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Retrieved 12 July 2012.

^ Lowenstein, Roger (27 April 2008). "Moody's – Credit Rating – Mortgages – Investments – Subprime Mortgages – New York Times". New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Kevin Sieff. "Moody's chief admits failure over crisis". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Iceland row puts rating agencies in firing line". Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Ratings agencies admit mistakes". BBC News. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ a b Waterfield, Bruno (28 April 2010). "European Commission's angry warning to credit rating agencies as debt crisis deepens". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Wachman, Richard (28 April 2010). "Greece debt crisis: the role of credit rating agencies". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Greek crisis: the world would be a better place without credit rating agencies". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Are the ratings agencies credit worthy?". CNN.

^ Emma Thomasson (27 July 2012). "Tougher euro debt ratings stoke downward spiral – study". Reuters. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

^ "Netherlands loses S&P triple-A credit rating". November 29, 2013.[dead link]

^ a b Luke, Baker (6 July 2011). "UPDATE 2-EU attacks credit rating agencies, suggests bias". Reuters.

^ "Moody's downgrades ANA-Aeroportos de Portugal to Baa3 from A3, review for further downgrade". Moody's Investors Service. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Moody's downgrades EDP's rating to Baa3; outlook negative". Moody's Investors Service. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Moody's downgrades REN's rating to Baa3; keeps rating under review for downgrade". Moody's Investors Service. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Moody's downgrades BCR to Baa3, under review for further downgrade". Moody's Investors Service. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ Larry Elliott; Phillip Inman (14 January 2012). "Eurozone in new crisis as ratings agency downgrades nine countries". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 January 2012.

^ Nicholas Watt; Ian Traynor (7 December 2011). "David Cameron threatens veto if EU treaty fails to protect City of London". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 December 2011.

^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "A Critique of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision" Revue Analyse Financière, 10 Nov 2011/Q1 2012

^ "EUROPA – Press Releases – A turning point for the European financial sector". Europa (web portal). 1 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.

^ "ESMA". Europa (web portal). 1 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.

^ "EU erklärt USA den Ratingkrieg". Financial Times Deutschland. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

^ Matussek, Katrin (23 June 2011). "ESMA Chief Says Rating Companies Subject to EU Laws, FTD Reports". Bloomberg. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

^ "Europe – Rethink on rating agencies urged". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "EU Gets Tough on Credit-Rating Agencies". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "European indecision: Why is Germany talking about a European Monetary Fund?". The Economist. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Eder, Florian (20 January 2012). "Bonitätswächter wehren sich gegen Staatseinmischung". Die Welt. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

^ "Non-profit credit rating agency challenge". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

^ Firzli, M. Nicolas, and Bazi (2011). "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity: The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective". Revue Analyse Financière. 41 (Q4): 19–22.

^ "Euro zone rumours: There is no conspiracy to kill the euro". The Economist. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Greek Debt Crisis Worsens". Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Larry Elliot (28 January 2010). "No EU bailout for Greece as Papandreou promises to "put our house in order"". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ Barbara Kollmeyer (15 February 2010). "Spanish secret service said to probe market swings". MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ Gavin Hewitt (16 February 2010). "Conspiracy and the euro". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ "A Media Plot against Madrid?: Spanish Intelligence Reportedly Probing 'Attacks' on Economy". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Roberts, Martin (14 February 2010). "Spanish intelligence probing debt attacks-report". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Cendrowicz, Leo (26 February 2010). "Conspiracists Blame Anglo-Saxons, Others for Euro Crisis". Time. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Tremlett, Giles (14 February 2010). "Anglo-Saxon media out to sink us, says Spain". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Spain and the Anglo-Saxon press: Spain shoots the messenger". The Economist. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Spanish Intelligence Investigating "Anglo-Saxon" Media". The Washington Independent. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Spanish intelligence probe 'debt attacks' blamed for sabotaging country's economy". Daily Mail. UK. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Britain's deficit third worst in the world, table". The Daily Telegraph. London. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.

^ Samuel Jaberg (16 April 2011). "Dollar faces collapse". Current Concerns. Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

^ "When Will The Bond Vigilantes Attack The U.S. And U.K.?". Seeking Alpha. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

^ Paye, Jean-Claude, Belgium (July 2010). "Euro crisis and deconstruction of the European Union". Current Concerns (14). Zürich. Retrieved 30 January 2014.

^ Elwell, Craig K.; Labonte, Marc; Morrison, Wayne M. (23 January 2007). "CRS Report for Congress: Is China a Threat to the U.S. Economy?" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 8 November 2011. (see CRS-43 on page 47)

^ Larry Elliot (28 January 2009). "London School of Economics' Sir Howard Davies tells of need for painful correction". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ "Euro area balance of payments (December 2009 and preliminary overall results for 2009)". European Central Bank. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ Irvin, George; Izurieta, Alex (March 2006). "European Policy Brief: The US Deficit, the EU Surplus and the World Economy" (PDF). The Federal Trust. Retrieved 8 November 2011.

^ "Current account balance (US$)". Google/IMF. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

^ Sean O'Grady (2 March 2010). "Soros hedge fund bets on demise of the euro". The Independent. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

^ Alex Stevenson (2 March 2010). "Soros and the bullion bubble". FT Alphaville. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

^ Patrick Donahue (23 February 2010). "Merkel Slams Euro Speculation, Warns of 'Resentment'". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

^ Connor, Kevin (27 February 2010). "Kevin Connor: Goldman's Role in Greek Crisis Is Proving Too Ugly to Ignore". The Huffington Post. USA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ Clark, Andrew; Stewart, Heather; Moya, Elena (26 February 2010). "Goldman Sachs faces Fed inquiry over Greek crisis". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

^ Wearden, Graeme (19 May 2010). "European debt crisis: Markets fall as Germany bans 'naked short-selling'". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 27 May 2010.

^ Wray, L. Randall (25 June 2011). "Can Greece survive?". New Economic Perspectives.

^ Wynne Godley (8 October 1992). "Maastricht and All That". London Review of Books. 14 (19).

^ Feldstein, Martin. "The Failure of the Euro". Foreign Affairs (January/February 2012). Retrieved 21 April 2012.

^ Ricci, Luca A., "Exchange Rate Regimes and Location", 1997

^ "FT.com / Comment / Opinion – A euro exit is the only way out for Greece". Financial Times. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

^ "Greece's Debt Crisis, interview with L. Randall Wray, 13 March 2010". Neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-05-14.

^ "I'll buy the Acropolis" by Bill Mitchell, 29 May 2011

^ Kashyap, Anil (10 June 2011). "Euro May Have to Coexist With a German-Led Uber Euro: Business Class". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 June 2011.

^ "To Save the Euro, Germany Must Quit the Euro Zone" by Marshall Auerback, 25 May 2011

^ Charles Forelle (19 May 2012). "In European Crisis, Iceland Emerges as an Island of Recovery". Wall Street Journal.

^ Lee Harris (17 May 2012). "The Hayek Effect: The Political Consequences of Planned Austerity". The American.

^ Anne Jolis (19 May 2012). "The Swedish Reform Model, Believe It or Not". The Wall Street Journal.

^ Auerback, Marshall (25 May 2011). "To Save the Euro, Germany has to Quit the Euro Zone". Wall Street Pit. Retrieved 25 May 2011.

^ Demetriades, Panicos (19 May 2011). "It is Germany that should leave the eurozone". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 May 2011.

^ Joffe, Josef (12 September 2011). "The Euro Widens the Culture Gap". New York Times. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

^ Rogers, Jim (26 September 2009). "The Largest Creditor Nations Are in Asia". Jim Rogers Blog. Retrieved 1 June 2011.

^ Mattich, Alen (10 June 2011). "Germany's Interest Rates Have Become a Special Case". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 June 2011.

^ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (17 July 2011). "A modest proposal for eurozone break-up". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 July 2011.

^ Anand. M.R, Gupta.G.L, Dash, R. The Euro Zone Crisis Its Dimensions and Implications. January 2012

^ Steven Erlanger (20 May 2012). "Greek Crisis Poses Unwanted Choices for Western Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2012. But while Europe is better prepared for a Greek restructuring of its debt – writing down what is currently held by states and the European bailout funds – a Greek departure is likely to be seen as the beginning of the end for the whole euro zone project, a major accomplishment, whatever its faults, in the postwar construction of a Europe "whole and at peace".

^ Czuczka, Tony (4 February 2011). "Merkel makes Euro Indispensable Turning Crisis into Opportunity". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ MacCormaic, Ruadhan (9 December 2011). "EU risks being split apart, says Sarkozy". Irish Times. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

^ "Spanish commissioner lashes out at core eurozone states". EUobserver. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.

^ Fraher, John (9 September 2011). "Trichet Loses His Cool at Prospect of Deutsche Mark's Revival in Germany". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

^ a b c d "The Choice". The Economist. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.

^ a b Ross Douthat (16 June 2012). "Sympathy for the Radical Left". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2012. This would effectively turn the European Union into a kind of postmodern version of the old Austro-Hungarian empire, with a Germanic elite presiding uneasily over a polyglot imperium and its restive local populations.

^ a b "Does the Euro Have a Future? by George Soros | The New York Review of Books". NY Books. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ Ian Cowie (16 May 2012). "How would a euro collapse hit us in the pocket?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

^ "Greece must deny to pay an odious debt". CADTM. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.

^ Debtocracy (international version). ThePressProject. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2012.

^ Kitidē, Katerina; Vatikiōtēs, Lēōnidas; Chatzēstephanou, Arēs (2011). Debtocracy. Ekdotikos organismōs livanē. p. 239. ISBN 978-960-14-2409-5.

^ a b Simkovic, Michael (2009). "Secret Liens and the Financial Crisis of 2008". American Bankruptcy Law Journal. 83: 253.

^ "Michael Simkovic, Bankruptcy Immunities, Transparency, and Capital Structure, Presentation at the World Bank". SSRN. 11 January 2011. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1738539. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Michael Simkovic, Paving the Way for the Next Financial Crisis, Banking & Financial Services Policy Report". SSRN. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2012.

^ "Greece not alone in exploiting EU accounting flaws". Reuters. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.

^ "Greece is far from the EU's only joker". Newsweek. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ "The Euro PIIGS out". Librus Magazine. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

^ "'Creative accounting' masks EU budget deficit problems". Sunday Business. 26 June 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

^ "How Europe's governments have enronized their debts". Euromoney. September 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2014.

^ "Step Aside Greece: How Gustavo Piga Exposed Europe's Enron In 2001". Zero Hedge. 28 February 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

^ "UK Finances: A Not-So Hidden Debt". eGovMonitor. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ Butler, Eamonn (13 June 2010). "Hidden debt is the country's real monster". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ Newmark, Brooks (21 October 2008). "Britain's hidden debt". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ Wheatcroft, Patience (16 February 2010). "Time to remove the mask from debt". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ "Brown accused of 'Enron accounting'". BBC News. 28 November 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ Littlejohn, Richard (11 January 2011). "Need a lesson in economics, Alan? Try starting with Mr Micawber". MailOnline. London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ "IMF calls for bank guarantees to be included in the national debt". Gold made simple News. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.

^ "'Hidden' debt raises Spain bond fears". Financial Times. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ "Portfolio: Falsified Deficit Statistics in Europe". Leaksfree.com. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.

^ "Here We Go Again: Spain Says 2012 Budget Deficit "Will Be Bigger Than First Estimated"". Zero Hedge. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

^ "Cox and Archer: Why $16 Trillion Only Hints at the True U.S. Debt". Wall Street Journal. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.

^ "The Hidden American $100 Trillion Debt Problem". Viable Opposition. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ Goodman, Wes (30 March 2011). "Bill Gross says US is Out-Greeking the Greeks on Debt". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

^ "Botox and beancounting Do official statistics cosmetically enhance America's economic appearance?". Economist. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

^ "Germany's enormous hidden debt". Presseurop. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

^ Vits, Christian (23 September 2011). "Germany Has 5 Trillion Euros of Hidden Debt, Handelsblatt Says". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

^ "Finger-wagging Germany secretly accumulating trillions in debt". Worldcrunch/Die Welt. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.

^ a b Neuger, James G (2 September 2011). "IMF Said to Oppose Push for Greek Collateral". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 May 2014.

^ Schneeweiss, Zoe (18 August 2011). "Finns Set Greek Collateral Trend as Austria, Dutch, Slovaks Follow Demands". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.

^ "Finnish win Greek collateral deal". European Voice. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

^ Marsh, David, "German OK only small step in averting Greek crisis", MarketWatch, 3 Oct 2011, 12:00 am EDT. Retrieved 3 October 2011.

^ "The second Greek bailout: Ten unanswered questions" (PDF). Open Europe. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

^ STT (27 August 2012). "Yle: Suomalaisvirkamiehet salaa neuvomaan Italiaa talousasioissa | Talous". Iltalehti.fi. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

^ ""Portugal PM quits after losing austerity vote". Al Jazeera. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

^ Fontevecchia, Agustino (23 March 2011). "Portuguese Parliament Rejects Austerity Plan, PM Socrates Resigns". Forbes. Retrieved 24 May 2011.

^ "Eurokriisi kuumensi jälleen puoluejohtajien tenttiä" (in Finnish). Finnish Broadcasting Company. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

^ Junkkari, Marko; Kaarto, Hanna; Rantanen, Miska; Sutinen, Teija (13 April 2011). "Pääministeritentissä kiivailtiin taas eurotuista". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

^ Minder, Raphael (20 November 2011). "Spanish Voters Deal a Blow to Socialists over the Economy". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

^ Ross, Emma (29 July 2011). "Spain's embattled prime minister calls early elections". USA Today. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

^ "Foto: Poslanci izrekli nezaupnico vladi Boruta Pahorja :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

^ "Dusan Stojanovic: Slovenia's troubled government ousted". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Associated Press. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.

^ Moody, Barry (11 November 2011). "Italy pushes through austerity, US applies pressure". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

^ "Greece passes new austerity deal amid rioting". CBC News. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

^ "Poll Feb2012". 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

^ "Wilders wil nieuwe verkiezingen- 'hoe eerder, hoe beter'". NRC Handelsblad. 21 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.