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Chapter 14 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Protecting Against

Infectious Diseases

and Sexually

Transmitted

Infections

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Explain how your immune system works to protect you,

and what you can do to boost its effectiveness.

• Discuss actions that you can take to protect yourself

from the most common infectious diseases.

• Describe the most common pathogens infecting humans

today, particularly young adults and the typical disease

caused by each.

• Explain the major emerging and resurgent diseases

affecting humans globally; discuss why they are on the

rise and what actions can reduce risks.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Discuss antimicrobial resistance, why it occurs, and what

we can do to reduce the prevalence of resistant

pathogens.

• Discuss the various sexually transmitted infections, their

means of transmission, and actions that can be taken to

prevent their spread.

• Discuss human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), trends in

infection and treatment, and the impact of HIV/AIDS on

special populations.

The Process of Infection

• Pathogens are disease-causing agents. There

are six major types:

– Bacteria

– Viruses

– Protozoa

– Parasitic worms

– Fungi

– Prions

The Process of Infection

• Multifactorial diseases are caused by the

interactions of several factors:

– The host is susceptible.

– The immune system is compromised.

– A disease-transmitting agent is present.

– The environment is hospitable to the pathogen.

Reduce Your Risk of Infectious Diseases

Risk Factors You Can Control

• Too much stress

• Inadequate nutrition

• Low fitness level

• Lack of sleep

• Misuse or abuse of legal or nonlegal drugs

• Poor personal hygiene

• High-risk behavior

Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control

• Heredity

• Aging

• Environmental conditions

• Organism virulence and resistance to antibiotics

The Chain of Infection

Your Body's Defenses against Infection

• Physical and chemical

defenses

• The immune system,

which works via

– Antigens and

antibodies

– Humoral immunity

– Cell-mediated

immunity

• When the immune

system misfires

– Autoimmune diseases

• The inflammatory

response, producing pain

and fever

• Vaccines: bolstering your

immunity

The Body's Defenses against Disease-

Causing Pathogens

The Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Vaccines

• A vaccine consists of a killed or attenuated

version of a disease-causing microorganism or

of an antigen that is similar to but less

dangerous than the disease antigen.

• There are four kinds of immunity:

– Acquired immunity

– Natural immunity

– Active immunity

– Passive immunity

Recommended Adult Immunization

Schedule, by Vaccine and Age Group, 2010

Examples of Five Major Types of Pathogens

Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They

Cause

• Bacteria

– Staphylococcal infections

– Streptococcal infections

– Meningitis

– Pneumonia

– Tuberculosis

– Tickborne bacterial diseases

Herpes gladiatorum

Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They

Cause

• Viruses

– The common cold

– Influenza

– Infectious mononucleosis

– Hepatitis

– Mumps

– Herpes

– Measles and rubella

– Rabies

The Common Cold and Influenza

• Colds are endemic; that is, they are always present.

– You can "catch" a cold from the airborne droplets of another's

sneeze or from contact.

– You cannot catch a cold from a chill.

• Some 5 to 20 percent of Americans get the flu each year.

– Three major varieties of the flu virus exist, each having many

different strains.

– Those who should be vaccinated include seniors, pregnant

women, and people with certain diseases, such as those

affecting the heart and lungs.

Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They

Cause

• Other pathogens

– Fungi

– Protozoans

– Parasitic worms

– Prions

Activity Break

• Form groups of three. Each group will select one

pathogen and describe how its infectious process

works as well as the disease(s) it causes.

• What treatment is available?

• What steps for prevention can be taken?

Emerging and Resurgent Diseases

• Factors include overpopulation, inadequate

health care, drug resistance, and increased

international travel.

• West Nile virus (WNV)

• Avian (bird) flu

• Gastroenteritis due to Escherichia coli 0157:H7

• Listeriosis

• Malaria

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• There are more than 20 known types of STIs.

• Every year, there are 19 million new cases of STIs.

• Almost half of the newly diagnosed cases of STIs are in

the adolescent/young adult population.

• Untreated, STIs can have grave consequences, such as

sterility, blindness, central nervous system destruction,

and even death.

Signs or Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted

Infections (STIs)

Routes of Transmission

• Sexual intercourse

• Oral–genital contact

• Hand–genital contact

• Anal intercourse

Continuum of Risk for Various Sexual

Behaviors

Chlamydia

• Often presents no symptoms

• Affects mostly women

• If left untreated, it can affect:

– The prostate gland and seminal vesicles in

men.

– The cervix and fallopian tubes in women.

– Arthritis-like symptoms, damage to the heart

and blood vessels in both men and women.

• Easily treated with antibiotics

Complications of STIs in Women: PID and

UTIs

• Women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or

Chlamydia trachomatis may develop pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID).

• Women are also at greater risk than men for

developing a general urinary tract infection (UTI)

because the urethra in women is much shorter.

• Women who become infected need to seek early

diagnosis and treatment.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) describes numerous

infections of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

• PID often results from an untreated STI.

• Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and unusual

vaginal discharge.

• If left untreated, it increases risk for infertility, chronic

pelvic pain, and recurrent upper genital infections.

Gonorrhea

• More than 700,000 cases diagnosed each year

• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Primarily infects the linings of the urethra, genital tract,

pharynx, and rectum

• At highest risk are males age 20 to 24

• Treatment with antibiotics is available. If left untreated, it

can cause sterility.

Gonorrhea

Conjunctivitis in a Newborn's Eyes

Syphilis

• Caused by a bacterial organism

• Progresses in stages:

– In the primary stage, a chancre develops that

disappears in 3 to 6 weeks.

– In the secondary stage, 1 to 12 months after the

chancre disappears, a rash or white patches on the

skin appear and last a few weeks or months.

– In the latent stage of infectious lesions, infection can be

passed to a fetus (congenital syphilis).

– In the late stage, heart damage, central nervous system

damage, blindness, paralysis, and dementia occur.

• Treatment with antibiotics is available.

Syphilis

Herpes

• Caused by a virus

• Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex

virus (HSV)

• Two types of HSV

– HSV-1

– HSV-2

• There is no cure for herpes, although some

drugs can ease symptoms

Herpes

Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts

• Genital warts are caused by the human

papillomavirus (HPV)

• This is among the most common forms of STI,

with 20 million Americans currently infected.

• Two types

– Genital warts

– Flat warts

• Infection with high-risk types of HPV poses a

significant risk for cervical cancer in women.

Safe is Sexy

Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts

• Treatments for genital warts include podophyllin,

cryosurgery, simple excision, laser surgery,

creams containing 5-fluorouracil, or interferon

injections.

• Currently two HPV vaccines are licensed by the

FDA and recommended by the CDC.

Genital Warts

Candidiasis (Moniliasis)

• The yeastlike fungus Candida albicans is a normal

inhabitant of the vaginal tract.

• If the normal biochemical balance of the vagina is

disturbed, these organisms multiply and cause the fungal

disease called candidiasis.

• Symptoms include severe itching and burning and a

white vaginal discharge.

• Antifungal drugs or suppositories cure candidiasis.

Trichomoniasis

• Symptoms in women include foamy, yellowish,

unpleasant-smelling discharge accompanied by

burning sensation, itching, and painful urination.

• Most men do not have symptoms.

• "Trich" is usually spread by sexual contact but

can also be spread by toilet seats, wet towels, or

other items with discharge on them.

Pubic Lice

• Symptoms include itching, bluish-gray skin color

in the pubic region, and sores in the genital area.

• Diagnosis is made by a health care provider;

treatment involves washing all linens that may be

infected with eggs. It usually takes 2 to 3 weeks to

kill all larval forms.

• Pubic lice are spread by sexual contact.

Pubic Lice

HIV/AIDS

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has

affected 65 million people worldwide since 1981.

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS.

• Over 34 million people are estimated to be living with

HIV or AIDS.

• In the United States, approximately 1.2 million people

have been infected with HIV and about 17,000 people

died from HIV/AIDS in 2009.

HIV/AIDS

• In 2010 about 47,000 people in the United States

(46 states) were diagnosed with HIV infection.

• Today, people with HIV and any 1 of 25 indicator

infections are likely to move to an AIDS diagnosis.

• The most significant indicator of AIDS is a drop in

CD4 cells to one fifth the level of a healthy person.

How HIV Is Transmitted

• The HIV virus from an infected host enters the body.

• The mucous membranes of the genitals and anus are

the easiest routes of entry.

• Once inside the body, the virus begins to multiply.

• The virus begins to destroy helper T cells.

• The virus changes the genetic structure of the cells it

attacks.

• The body of the newly infected person begins to produce

antibodies.

Sources of HIV Infection among Adults and

Adolescents in the United States, 2010

High-Risk Behaviors

• Exchange of body fluids

• Injecting drugs

• Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985

• Mother-to-child (prenatal) transmission

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

• Months or years can pass after the initial

infection of HIV before symptoms appear.

• Immune system changes occur over years.

• An infected person may experience a number of

opportunistic infections.

• Colds, sore throats, fever, tiredness, nausea,

and night sweats generally appear as pre-AIDS

symptoms.

Testing For HIV Antibodies

• The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test

detects the presence of HIV antibodies.

• The Western blot test is a more expensive confirmatory

test.

• Positive results do not mean that the infected person will

develop AIDS.

• Early detection is important so that infected individuals

can receive immediate treatment.

Points of View—HIV Testing: Should It Be

Mandatory?

New Hope and Treatments

• New drugs have slowed the progression from

HIV to AIDS.

• Protease inhibitors block the HIV protease

enzyme from cutting protein chains to form new

viruses.

• Protease inhibitors are difficult to manufacture.

• No cure is known.

Preventing HIV Infection

• Avoid risky behaviors.

• Take responsibility for your health.

• Seek information from health educators or other

health professionals.

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of

www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the "STIs:

Do You Really Know What You Think You Know?"

assessment.

• Do you practice prevention every day?

• Do you take the steps needed to prevent sexually

transmitted infections?

• If you have been infected with an STI, do you protect

your partners?