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Chapter 5 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Understanding

Your Sexuality

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Identify the primary structures of male and female sexual anatomy and explain the functions of each.

• Discuss the stages of the human sexual response and what factors may influence these during your life.

• Define sexual identity, and discuss its major components, including biology, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Discuss the options available for the expression

of one's sexuality.

• Classify sexual dysfunctions, describe major

disorders, and discuss treatment options.

• Examine the effects of various drugs on sexual

behavior.

Sexuality

• Sensuality: Awareness and feelings about our body and other people's bodies, especially the body of your sexual partner.

• Intimacy: The ability to be close to another human being emotionally and to accept closeness in return.

• Sexual identity: A person's understanding of who he or she is sexually, including the sense of maleness or femaleness.

Sexuality

• Sexual health and reproduction: A person's

attitudes and behaviors related to producing

children, care and maintenance of the sexual

and reproductive organs, and health

consequences of sexual behavior.

• Sexualization: The use of sexuality to influence,

control, or manipulate others in ways that may

be harmful or exploitative.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology

• Sexual identity is determined by the interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors.

• The father's fertilizing sperm determines the child's sex. All eggs (ova) carry an X chromosome; sperm may carry either an X or Y chromosome. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting combination of sex chromosomes (XX) produces a female. If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the XY combination produces a male.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology

• Intersexuality: A variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definition of male or female. These are also called disorders of sexual development (DSD).

• Gonads: The reproductive organs in men and women; testes produce sperm in males and ovaries produce eggs in females.

• Puberty: The period of sexual maturation.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology

• Pituitary gland: The endocrine gland that controls the release of hormones from the gonads.

• Secondary sex characteristics: The characteristics associated with sex but not directly related to reproduction, such as vocal pitch, body hair, and location of fat deposits.

• Gender: The characteristics and actions associated with being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology

• Socialization: The process by which a society communicates behavioral expectations to its individual members.

• Gender roles: The expression of maleness or femaleness in everyday life.

• Gender-role stereotype: The generalizations concerning how men and women should express themselves and the characteristics each possesses.

Intersexuality

• Intersex people are born with various levels of male and female biological characteristics, ranging from different chromosomal arrangements to a variety of primary and secondary characteristics.

• Caster Semenya, shown right, is a South African middle-distance runner who is intersex.

• Not all persons with intersex opt for surgery if it is not medically required.

What Influences Sexual Identity

Besides Biology?

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology

• Androgyny: This term refers to having high

levels of both masculine and feminine traits in a

single person.

• Gender identity: The personal awareness of

being masculine or feminine.

• Transgendered: Having a gender identity that

does not match one's biological sex.

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual orientation: A person's enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other persons.

• Heterosexual: Experiencing primary attraction to and preference for sexual activity with people of the opposite sex.

• Homosexual: Experiencing primary attraction to and preference for sexual activity with people of the same sex.

• Bisexual: Attraction to both sexes.

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual prejudice: Negative attitudes and hostile

actions directed at those with a different sexual

orientation.

• Recent data from the Department of Justice

indicated that bias regarding sexual orientation

was the motivation for approximately 18.5

percent of all hate crimes reported.

Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

• By understanding the functions of the male and

female reproductive systems, you will be better

able to derive pleasure and satisfaction from

your sexual relationships, be sensitive to your

partner's wants and needs, and make

responsible choices regarding your own sexual

health.

Vulva (External Anatomy) Internal Organs

Mons pubis Vagina

Labia majora Uterus (womb)

Labia minora Endometrium

Urethral opening Cervix

Clitoris Ovaries

Vaginal opening Fallopian tubes (oviducts)

-Hymen

-Perineum

Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

Female Reproductive System: External

Anatomy

Female Reproductive System: Internal

Organs

The Onset of Puberty and the Menstrual

Cycle

• Puberty: The time during which female reproductive system matures.

• Menarche: The onset of the first menstrual period (which normally occurs between 9 and 17 years of age).

• Ovulation: The phase of the menstrual cycle at which the ovarian wall ruptures and releases a mature egg.

• Menstrual cycle: Its three phases over an average of 28 days include the:

– Proliferative phase

– Secretory phase

– Menstrual phase

The Three Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Control and Phases of the

Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Problems

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

• Dysmenorrhea

• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

• It is estimated that about 75 percent of menstruating

women experience PMS every month, but symptoms are

mild and short-lived for most.

Menopause

• Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation; it generally occurs between ages 45 and 55.

• It results in decreased estrogen levels, which may cause vaginal dryness, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain.

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was once widely used however, its use is now declining because of the health concerns that it may present.

External Anatomy Internal Organs

Penis Testes

Scrotum Epididymides

Vasa deferentia

Ejaculatory ducts

Urethra

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Cowper's glands

Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

Male Reproductive System: External

Anatomy

Male Reproductive System: Internal Organs

Points of View: Circumcision—Risk Versus

Benefit

Andropause

• Older men generally have lower testosterone

levels than younger men. These men may

experience:

– Changes in sexual function

– Changes in sleep patterns

– Physical changes

– Emotional changes

Human Sexual Response

• Stages of sexual response include the following:

– Excitement/arousal—Vasocongestion (increased blood flow that causes swelling in the genitals) stimulates male and female genital responses.

– Plateau—Voluntary and involuntary muscle tensions increase.

– Orgasm—Vasocongestion and muscle tension reach their peak, and rhythmic contractions occur throughout the genital regions.

– Resolution—Muscle tension and vasocongestion subside.

Comparison of Male and Female Sexual

Response

Sexual Response among Older Adults

• Changes that occur in older people include the following:

• Women

– Skin becomes less elastic.

– Internal organs shrink.

– Vaginal walls become thinner.

– Vaginal lubrication decreases.

• Men

– Achieving an erection requires more direct and prolonged stimulation.

– Erection becomes less firm.

– Intensity of ejaculation decreases.

What is ''Normal'' Sexual Behavior?

• As with any other

human behavior, the

idea of ''normal'' sexual

behavior varies from

person to person and

society to society,

usually along a

spectrum of perceived

acceptability or

appropriateness.

Expressing Your Sexuality

• Common sociocultural standards in Western

culture include:

– The coital standard

– The orgasmic standard

– The two-person standard

– The romantic standard

– The safer-sex standard

• Celibacy

• Autoerotic behaviors

– Sexual fantasies

– Masturbation

• Kissing and erotic

touching

• Manual stimulation

Options for Sexual Expression

• Oral–genital stimulation

– Cunnilingus

– Fellatio

• Vaginal intercourse

• Anal intercourse

Sexuality and Disability

• Disabled people are not asexual as a rule, and it

is possible for a disabled person to have a sex

life.

• Challenges may be physical and psychological.

• Each disabled person is unique, and it is

important to consider that person's challenges

and feelings.

Sex on Campus

• Approximately 74 percent of college students report

having had one or no sexual partners in the previous

school year.

• Forty-five percent of students report having had oral sex

one or more times in the previous 30 days.

• Almost 50 percent report having had vaginal sex in the

past 30 days.

Sex on Campus

• Five percent report having had anal intercourse

in the last 30 days.

• 1.7 percent of females report having had an

unintentional pregnancy and 1.9 percent of

males reported having impregnating someone

during the past school year.

Responsible and Satisfying Sexual Behavior

• Healthy sexuality results from assimilating

information and skills, exploring values and

beliefs, and making responsible and informed

choices. It includes the following:

– Good communication as the foundation

– Acknowledging that you are a sexual person

– Understanding the sexual structures and their

functions

– Accepting and embracing your gender identity

and your sexual orientation

Variant Sexual Behavior

• Variant sexual behavior describes sexual behavior that most people do not engage in, for example:

– Group sex

– Swinging

– Fetishism

– Exhibitionism

– Voyeurism

– Sadomasochism

– Pedophilia

– Autoerotic asphyxiation

Sexual Dysfunction

• Sexual desire disorders

– Inhibited sexual desire

– Sexual aversion disorder

• Sexual arousal disorders

– Erectile dysfunction (ED)

• Orgasm disorders

– Premature ejaculation

– Delayed ejaculation

– Female orgasmic disorder

Sexual Dysfunction

• Sexual pain disorders

– Dyspareunia: pain experienced by women

during intercourse

– Vaginismus: involuntary contraction of the

vaginal muscles, making penile insertion

painful or impossible

• Seeking help for sexual dysfunction

– American Association of Sex Educators,

Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT)

Drugs and Sex

• Alcohol is notorious for reducing inhibitions and promoting feelings of well- being and desirability. At the same time, alcohol inhibits sexual response; the mind may be willing while the body is not.

• ''Date rape'' drugs are becoming prevalent on college campuses and have been a growing concern in recent decades.

The Sex Industry

• Pornography refers to any visual or literary depiction

of sexual activity intended to be sexually arousing.

– Pornographic websites make up 12 percent of all

websites.

– Of adult Internet users in the United States, over 40

percent visit pornographic sites each month.

• Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexual acts

for money.

– Illegal sex workers often have issues with substance

abuse, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted

diseases.

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the ''What Are Your Sexual Attitudes and Preferences?'' assessment.

• Are you comfortable with your sexual identity and orientation?

• Are you comfortable accepting people who may be different from you?

• If you are sexually active, are you able to communicate honestly with your partner?