history assignment
boomshakalaka
central_african_federation.pptxCentral African Federation Introduction:
Three British Central Colonies: Northern & Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland.
Ideas for national union emerged along side other territories; whites opposed African leadership
Between 1953-1963, these colonies were grouped into settler’s federation. Central African Federation
1923: settlers of southern Rhodesia had full control, colony only in name. Africans in the territory lost the best land, served as servants, were subdued and repressed
1953: Central African Federation was created with goal of keeping gov’t in white hands. S. Rhodesia exploited Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Malawi)
Political parties had emerged in the colonies after WWII
1948: Northern Rhodesia African National Congress was formed
1959: united National Independence (UNIP) led by Kenneth Kaunda was organized
1944: Nyasaland African National Congress was formed
1958 Hastings Banda returned from Europe to head the party
Events moved quickly; colonial policy began to change especially with Harold Macmillan, who thought that Britain should move ahead with the times. Pressure mounted
1961: a newly formed Malawi Congress Party, with Banda in the lead, won a majority
1963: Malawi achieved internal self-gov’t, and 1964, received independence.
1964: UNP led by Kenneth Kaunda took Zambia to independence
S. Rhodesia was a different story. It refused to grant independence to Africans
Called on England to grant independence to them, but times were changing
1965: under Ian Smith, S. Rhodesia rebelled and declared a one-sided, unilateral declaration of independence from England
GB was furious, but Smith continued
1957: African National congress of Southern Rhodesia was formed, but accomplished little
1961: Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) was formed, but one faction split in 1963 to Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) which promoted effective action
Smith gov’t responded with arrests, torture, etc; others became guerilla fighters
1975: Mozambique gained independence, and provide launching site for ZAPU activities.
1980: ZANU won elections, Zimbabwe gained independence under its leader, Robert Mugabe
Belgian Colonies
Introduction
Little was discussed in Belgium about preparation territories for independence, no African newspaper, no African in the legislature
1956: small group of educated people began asking for political changes; Belgium allowed some political activities, but parties were local and regionally based
The only major party was Congolese National Movement formed by Patrice Lumumba, but even then most of his support came from his region of Kisanagni
1958: Africans began asking for independence, saw what was happening in other territories especially granting French rule to Congo Brazzaville
Jan. 1959: after the All- African People’s Congress in Ghana, Lumumba returned to the Congo, organized political rallies, protests, etc.
August 1959, Belgium invited Congolese officials to Brussels for a meeting in Jan. 1960
At the meeting, Belgium agreed to grant full independence to the Congo in six months
Only Lumumba headed a political party which came close to a national movement; Congo had not been prepared for this.
June 30, 1960, independence was granted with Lumumba as prime minister, and Joseph Kasvubu as president; within chaos erupted
Army and others protested continuous presence of Belgian officers; Katanga, a key source of revenue, seceded ; UN intervened; crises only multiplied
1961, Lumumba was murdered; Katanga’s secession lasted two and one-half years
UN finally ended the secession by the end of 1962, and Moise Tshombe became prime minister; problems continued
1965: General Mobutu seized power, eliminated rivals, changed the name of the country to Zaire, created a dictatorship, and remained in power until 1997.
Rwanda & Burundi
Independence in the two countries came in the early 1960s; Belgium had used the Tutsi aristocracy to enforce their rule and collect taxes
1962: the repeated conflicts, etc
