work 353
Moe1993
outline-3.docxRunning head: PRESENTATION OUTLINE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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I. Chagas’s Disease (aka The Kissing Bug)
a. General Information about the disease.
American trypanosomiasis also known as the Chaga’s disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. This form of parasite is mostly found in most triatomine bugs which are endemic in the southwestern states of the US, parts of Chile, Argentina and Brazil. Infections normally result during the sylvatic cycle of the bugs and the bugs are normally found in feces where they transfer mucosal and blood meals and infect them with the virus. Most of the triatomine bugs which are carriers of the disease have been known to live indoors and thrive in primitive settings such as cracks and in chicken and dog coops. However, it’s hard for humans to contract the disease from the bugs but only contract the disease by coming into contact with feces infected with the virus. The parasite infection is long term (Bern, Kjos, Yabsley, & Montgomery, 2011).
II. Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
a. Who is susceptible to the disease/ risk factors?
The groups of people who are most susceptible to the disease include people living in rural areas in most areas of Latin America and the US. The risk factors of these disease is that it is not readily detectable thus making it hard to tackle. In addition, currently no drugs and vaccines are available which can help stem the spread of the disease. Further, the acute stage of the disease always involves the manifestation of mild symptoms thus the disease may end up being untreated (Mitchell, 2016).
b. How does it spread?
The disease is normally transmitted through the parasite laden feces making contact with open wounds, mucous surface or the conjunctivitis of the eye. Further, the parasites can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. Further the disease can also be spread though ingested fluids such as milk or food. Therefore, the disease mostly spreads through bites which are inflicted by the kissing bug (Mitchell, 2016).
c. Common symptoms and diagnosis
i. Symptoms can have 2 stages: the acute phase and the chronic phase.
1. Acute: weeks/months. Symptoms are normally extremely mild. Include fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, rash.
2. Chronic: 10-20 years after infection, or not at all. Include congestive heart failure, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.
ii. Diagnosis is made by looking for the parasite in a sample of blood. Diagnosis can only be made in the acute stage of the disease, when the parasites can be seen. (Symptoms mayo clinic, diagnosis CDC).
d. What is the treatment
i. Various test to conclude if it has entered into the chronic stage. Tests include chest and abdominal xray, echocardiogram, upper endoscopy. (CDC)
ii. Acute stage: benznidazole and nifurtimox are two medications that can only be obtained through the CDC that are used to kill it. In the later stages, nothing can be done to eliminate it, only to suppress its symptoms. (CDC)
e. How can it be prevented?
i. Spray insecticide
ii. Screen blood to avoid transfusion-acquired disease.
iii. Avoid traveling to places where it is prevalent.
iv. Reduce spread of mother-to-baby. (CDC)
III. Statistics
a. Where it is most prevalent
i. Found mostly in central and south America, especially in underdeveloped places that do not have proper housing or housing made of clay or mud.
ii. In the US, kissing bugs have been established in 28 states, with the highest density of bugs in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
b. Who does it affect the most?
The disease has been known to affect most people who are always travelling and the people who live in primitive rural areas where triatomine bugs are prevalent. Further, people living in rural areas who keep poultry and dogs are at a greater risk of contracting the disease due to the prevalence of the bugs in these areas (Mitchell, 2016).
c. People affected worldwide annually.
According to the CDC, the number of people believed to be affected worldwide by this disease include about 6 to 7 million people in the US and areas of Latin America. Further, about 65 million people across the globe are also at risk of contracting the disease ("Chagas disease", 2016).
IV. Kissing Bug
a. General Biology: Need blood meals to develop, and females need blood meals to lay eggs. Normally are nocturnal and feed on a host when they are sleeping, hardly ever waking the host (Bern, Kjos, Yabsley, & Montgomery, 2011)
b. Life cycle of protest: Infest vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Triatomine vector ingests trypomastigotes during a blood meal. Transforms to an epimastigote. From there, the epimastigote differentiates into trypomastigotes. In the cytoplasm, trypomastigotes differentiate into amastigotes, which replicate in the time of 12 hours over the course of 4 to 5 days. After this, they transform back into trypomastigotes and enter into circulation (Bern, Kjos, Yabsley, & Montgomery, 2011)
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Parasites- American Trypanosomiasis (also Known as Chagas Disease). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/
