PHL/320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business - Must have experience working in Teams online

Running head: A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 1

Your Fully Explanatory Title: In About a Dozen Words or so

Your Professional Name

Course # and Assignment ?

____________________ University

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 2

Abstract

Here, with no indentation at all, summarize your study and its results in 100 to 150 words. Focus

less on your intentions or the importance of your topic than the work you did and the results you

found. The truth is that some people never read the full paper; they just read the abstract or

executive summary and use the body of the paper as if it were an extended footnote. So make

sure this abstract tells the whole story. This, like everything else in your paper without

exception, is in 12-point Times Roman font, double-spaced, with one-inch margins in all

directions. Please note that the title “Abstract” (like the title “References” and the title of your

paper) is not bolded. Only headings and sub-headings are bolded.

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Your Fully Explanatory Title

Your paper begins right away with an introduction, but without the title “Introduction,”

which is never used in APA. New to the 6 th

edition of the Publication Manual, we are putting

two spaces after each sentence. This is natural for many of us and is a welcomed change from

the previous instruction to leave only one space. Every page, including the first page, has a short

title at the left and a simple page number, flush right. On the first page only, that short title is

preceded by “Running head:” All of that is placed within the one-inch margin (i.e., one-half inch

below the top of the paper).

Be sure to use TAB to move to positions such as the right margin, or to make a half-inch

indent. It is not enough to hit Space over and over until you get there. That may look right, but it

is not robust. Any change in the document will disrupt it. The abstract, main body, and reference

sections each begin on a brand new page. This is accomplished in Microsoft Word by using

Control-Enter. It is not enough to keep hitting Enter until the page advances, because any change

in the document will disrupt that … use Control-Enter.

However, everything else in the paper stays wherever it is. For example, if a new heading

or sub-heading appears at the bottom of a page, and it would make sense to move it to the next

page, do not do so. To make sure these details are handled according to APA rules, some of the

default settings of Microsoft Word have to be over-ridden.

Preparing Microsoft Word

Under the Home tab at the top of the page, there is a menu item for Paragraph. Clicking

the arrow in its bottom right corner opens a dialog box with more choices. On the first page of

that dialog box (called Indents and Spacing), select double spacing, and click the box that says,

“Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style.” This prevents the software from

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making an exception to the double spacing when you hit Enter, which is not allowed in APA.

Later, we will come back to this same location to create “Hanging Indents” in the References

section.

On the second page of that same dialog box (called Line and Page Breaks), clear the box

that is marked, “Widow/Orphan control.” This prevents the software from moving one or two

lines of text from the bottom of a page onto the next page, to make the document look better.

Keep in mind that it is not the goal of APA format to make the document look nice. On the

contrary, it is the goal of APA format to make the document look dry, cautious, unadventurous,

credible, and thus authoritative.

The title page requires three elements: the full title of the paper, your formal name, and

your affiliation (XXXXXXXXXXX University). Your instructor may ask for more information,

such as which campus you are at, the due date, or course information. That is fine, as long as the

three required elements are there. All that information is centered on the page and appears (at the

bottom of) the top half of the page (more or less centered vertically as well as horizontally).

Remember that everything is double-spaced, without exception, and that there is never a blank

line anywhere (i.e., the ENTER key is not pressed twice in a row).

In-Text Citations

All research is cited; any idea that you found anywhere is identified as such. You might

think that this detracts from your work, because you are using other people’s ideas, but that is not

the case. The fact that your claim comes from a proper source strengthens your argument. You

are not expected to generate brand new ideas, just to gather ideas together and apply them to new

situations.

Every citation in the paper must have a corresponding entry in the reference section at the

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 5

end, and nothing that is not cited in the paper may appear in that reference section. Remember

that the reference section is not a bibliography of related articles or a list of sources that you

claim to have read. It merely provides the details of the sources you mentioned, so a curious

reader can find them and follow up, if desired.

One very good idea, although not an APA rule, is to withhold the author’s name until the

actual citation. For example, instead of writing “Lyttle found that Dilbert humor increased the

persuasiveness of a business ethics training exercise (2001),” write “Dilbert humor seemed to

increase the persuasiveness of a business ethics training exercise (Lyttle, 2001).” It is the idea

that is important and not the author. The author deserves credit within the parentheses, but that is

all. Furthermore, it is tiresome to read, “Rubinowicz said this … Ahmad said that … Zhu said

the other thing” and so forth. For the same reason, it is rarely a good idea to mention the title of

an article or book within your text; that belongs in the reference section. Your job is to tie the

ideas together to weave an argument in favor of your analysis of the situation, not to please the

authors.

Quotations

If you quote anything at all, even one phrase, then you must include it within quotation

marks and “cite the exact page on which it was found” (Author, 1999, p. 126). This is one of

many reasons to avoid direct quotes and, instead, paraphrase what you have read in your own

words. Note that the whole citation appears within the sentence; there is no sentence-ending

period until after the citation. The helps link the citation to the idea it is supporting.

If 40 or more words are quoted (rarely a good idea for a short paper, since you are being

graded on your contribution to the discussion), they are presented as part of a block. The

entire quotation is indented one-half inch, instead of using quotation marks (there are no

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 6

quotation marks). The citation in parentheses follows the period at the end of the last

sentence, since there is no ambiguity about what is being documented. Naturally, because

it is a quote, the citation includes the page(s) on which the quote can be found. (Author,

1999, pp. 128-129)

The next paragraph can begin at the left margin, without any indent, so that it is not confused

with the block quotation above it. However, as always, do not insert a blank line for spacing.

Authors

Sources by two authors are always cited like this (First & Second, 1994) and sources with

six or more authors are always cited like this (First et al., 1955). However, sources with three,

four, or five authors are handled differently. The first time the source is mentioned, all of the

authors are listed (First, Second, Third, & Fourth, 1984). If and when the same article is

mentioned again in the same paper, the following citation form is used (First et al., 1984).

If the author is an organization, the name of that organization is specified as if it were a

personal author (American Psychological Association, 2010). If you find a suitable source

without an identifiable author, the citation begins with the first few words of the title (“New

Study Shows,” 2001). An interview, letter, or other personal communication is cited like this (J.

Lyttle, personal communication, January 31, 2011), and there is no matching entry in the

references list.

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are cited like this (Author, 1905, as cited in Citer, 2011, p. 6). These

are used sparingly in academic work, because you should try to read the original source (or its

English translation, at least) and not trust Citer’s interpretation of what the author meant. Thus,

citing your textbook is rarely appropriate. Unless your textbook is an original source, or an

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anthology of sources, it is a secondary source. It is designed to give you a summary or overview

of the literature. Anything it discusses should be cited in footnotes or endnotes, so you can look

up the actual source.

APA Style

Seriation

Seriation is a fancy word for lists. Lists of words include a comma after every word

except the last one, such as shoes, ships, ceiling wax, cabbages, and kings. Note the comma after

the word cabbages. Lists within sentences are identified with small letters and parentheses, as

follows: (a) the first point, (b) the second point, (c) a third one, and (d) the final one. Lists of

sentences are treated as separate paragraphs. (Bulleted lists are rarely appropriate, and should

only be used when numbering the items would imply a misleading sense of priority.) Here is an

example of a list of sentences:

1. Slide your card in the slot of the ATM (not ATM machine).

2. Be sure no one is watching over your shoulder to learn your PIN. That person could

take your card and use the PIN to gain access to your funds.

3. Enter your PIN (not PIN number).

Numbers

Numbers below 10, such as three or nine, are spelled out in letters unless they are page

numbers. Numbers higher than nine are rendered as digits, except at the beginning of a sentence.

This form of numbering is the general APA 6 th

edition rule.

Apostrophes

In spite of broad popular misconceptions, an apostrophe is never used to pluralize a word.

Many CEOs have their bios checked by those with MAs in English. Contractions are not used in

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 8

formal writing, and the word it’s should thus never appear. If you mean it is, write it is. If you

mean the possessive, it is spelled its. For example, XXXXXXXXXXX University has provided

its students with a flexible education, since 1857.

Tense

Research is referred to in the past tense: “several authors have pointed out…” instead of

“several authors point out...” This is typical in the social sciences and unlike the humanities, in

which one might write, “Aristotle takes the opposite position...” Although the ideas are still

current, the study is in the past. It is safe to assume that a study that has already been designed,

conducted, analyzed, written up, reviewed, re-written, and then published is a study that has

happened in the past.

Gender

It has been several decades since it was appropriate to write, “Each manager should check

his messages in the morning.” It is awkward and almost sarcastic to write, “Each manager

should check his or her messages in the morning.” It is ungrammatical (and thus unacceptable)

to write, “Each manager should check their messages in the morning.” With a little thought, we

can come up with something more clever, such as “Managers should check their messages in the

morning,” or “Each manager should check for messages in the morning.” In the same vein, the

word server is better waitperson as a generic replacement for waiter or waitress. Of course, if

you are referring to one specific person of known gender, it is acceptable to use gendered

language.

The Reference List

There is a sample reference list at the end of this document, so you can see how the

entries are formatted. Look very carefully at the placement of commas, spaces, italics, and such

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 9

in each case. These examples must be followed precisely in order to be correct. There are many

details to consider, but here are some of the basic principles.

Principles

References are arranged alphabetically by the family name of the first author. If there are

multiple authors for one source, the order of those names is not changed to be alphabetical.

Works by the same author are listed chronologically, with the earliest source is mentioned first.

Like everything else, references are double spaced. They begin at the left margin and any

other lines within the same reference are indented one-half inch. This is accomplished in

Microsoft Word by selecting “hanging indent” from the drop box under “Special” within the

“Indents and Spacing” page under the main heading of “Paragraph.” Each reference is made up

of several elements, and the most common cases are described here in some detail. Consult your

Publication Manual for special or exceptional types of references.

Elements

The first element of a reference is the author’s family name (usually the last name, in

America) followed by the initial(s) of the “first” name(s). Originally, first names were

abbreviated to disguise the gender of the author and avoid discrimination. There is a space after

punctuation in APA, so there will be a space between the initials of an author as in Jeremiah, I.

C. If the author is an organization, its name is listed in full. When there is a source with no

author, and when that source is suitable for an academic paper, the reference begins with the title

itself.

The second element of a reference is the date, in parentheses, followed by a period. In

most cases, that is simply the year (2001). In the case of a monthly periodical or a conference

paper, it includes the year and month (2001, July). In the case of something like a daily

A SHORT TITLE FOR YOUR PAPER 10

newspaper, it includes the full date (2001, July 5).

Unless an entire book is being referred to, the third element is the title of the document,

which might be a journal article or book chapter. Only the first word of the title and subtitle, and

any proper nouns, are capitalized. No italics or quotation marks are used. If the reference is to

an entire book, the third element is the title of the publication, discussed below.

In the case of a journal article, the fourth element is its name (the title of the publication).

This is presented in italics with all the important words capitalized. It is followed by a comma

and the volume number, both of which are also italicized. The issue number then appears in

parentheses and is not italicized. There is no space between these elements, so the italicized

volume number seems to almost lean against the parentheses that surround the issue number.

Please note that the APA has a rule about when to mention the issue number, but I

generally invite students to ignore that rule and always report the issue number. (Students rarely

have enough information to decide if a given journal uses serial pagination, and thus whether the

issue number is necessary.) The issue number is followed by a non-italicized comma and the

first and last pages of the article. Each page number is specified in full, such as 131-139 instead

of 131-9. After the name of the journal, no abbreviations (such as p., pp.. or Vol.) are used.

In the case of a book section, the fourth element is different. It is the name of the

editor(s), identified by the term (Ed.). or (Eds.). When referring to a person who is an Editor, an

upper case E is used. When referring to an edition, a lower case e is used (2 nd

ed.).

The next element is the name of the book (the title of the publication), which is italicized.

Only the first word of the title and subtitle, and any proper nouns, are capitalized. Sometimes

there are other details such as an edition number, volume number, or page numbers of a chapter.

These are placed within parentheses at the end of the title. They are not italicized and are not

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separated from the title by a comma, and they are followed by a period. This whole section is

followed by the place of publication (city and two-letter state), a colon, and a brief form of the

name of the publisher.

DOI

New to the 6 th

edition of the Publication Manual, we are using the Digital Object

Identifier (doi) to let our readers know where they can find a copy of the article. There are

several examples of that in the reference section. The doi is preferred instead of a “Retrieved

from” statement, which is now recommended only if the content cited is likely to change or be

updated (APA Style Guide, 2007, pp. 2, 10). Here are several examples of references.

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References

American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide to electronic references.

Washington, D.C.: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6 th

ed.). Washington, D. C.: Author.

Author, N. E. (1999). How to write a great paper: Thoughts and ruminations from the library.

International Journal of Regular Capitalization, 39(2), 124-133. doi: 10.

Bennett, M. P. (1997). The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell cytotosicity.

Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(07-B), 3553.

Citer, R. (2011). The purpose of life (7 th

ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

First, A. B., & Second, C. (1994). The funny bone: Discovered in the brain. Science, 233(6),

1040-1132. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5513.2529a

First, A. B., Second, C., Third, D., & Fourth, E. F. (1984). Identical twins: Separated at birth. The

Journal of Cellular Medicine, 44(1), 114-155. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.012

First, A. B., Second, C., Third, D., Fourth, E. F., Fifth, G., Sixth, H. I., & Seventh, J. (1955). The

perils of Pauline. The Review of Modern Physiology, 13(3), 12-27. doi:

10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47

Marx, J., Marx, H., Marx, A., & Marx, L. (1984). Jokes and their relation to the cognitive

unconscious. In L. Dopa & C. U. Later (Eds.), Cognitive constraints on communication:

Representations and processes (Vol. 2, pp. 55-86). Hingham, MA: Reidel.

New study shows shocking findings. (2001, August 22). The New York Times, pp. 22A, 48-50.