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BEHAVIORISM

J>':""-&

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Early forms of psychology assumed that mental life was the appropri- ate subject matter for psychology, and introspection was an appropriate method to engage that subject matter. In 1913, John B. Watson proposed an alternative: classical S–R behaviorism. According to Watson, behav- ior was a subject matter in its own right, to be studied by the obser- vational methods common to all sciences. Unfortunately, by around 1930, Watson’s behaviorism had proved inadequate. Many researchers and theorists then adopted a view in which various organismic entities were inferred to mediate the relation between S and R: mediational S–O–R neobehaviorism. This general view has remained influential, although the details of the various versions have differed over the years. The behavior analysis of B. F. Skinner took an entirely differ- ent approach. Particularly important was the study of verbal behavior. Although behaviorism is often conventionally defined as an approach that seeks to explain behavior without directly appealing to mental or cognitive processes, this definition needs considerable clarification, especially as it pertains to Skinner’s behavior analysis and his view of behaviorism as a philosophy of science. Z&S'Q"-?E[',&D;H<"-<E%C'@"UA<=<H&'TES@D"#"USC'%&A=;#<E%C'%&=D"?"#"U<@;#' ,&D;H<"-<E%C'"T&-;=<"A<E%C'DST"=D&=<@"W?&?$@=<H&'%&=D"?

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450 MOORE

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The Rise of Behaviorism

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452 MOORE

The Rise of Operationism

4D&'<EE$&'=D&A',&@;%&'D"Q'="',&'E@<&A=<N<@;##S'-&ET&@=;,#&'QD<#&'T"EW =$#;=<AU'=D&E&'"-U;A<E%<@'H;-<;,#&E>'4D&'E"#$=<"AC',"--"Q&?'="'E"%&'?&U-&&' N-"%'=D&'TD<#"E"TDS'"N'E@<&A@&'=D;='Q;E'?&H&#"T<AU'$A?&-'=D&';$ET<@&E'"N' #"U<@;#'T"E<=<H<E%';=';,"$='=D&'E;%&'=<%&C'Q;E'="'<A=&-T-&='=D&%';E'g=D&"-&=<W @;#'=&-%Ek'"-'g=D&"-&=<@;#'@"A@&T=E>k'4D&"-&=<@;#'=&-%E'Q&-&'@"A=-;E=&?'Q<=D' ",E&-H;=<"A;#'=&-%E>'Observational terms'-&N&--&?'="'TD&A"%&A;'=D;='@"$#?' ,&'?<-&@=#S'%&;E$-&?'$E<AU'<AE=-$%&A=EC'E$@D';E'?<;#EC'@"$A=&-EC'T"<A=&-EC' ;A?'%&=&-E>'Theoretical terms'-&N&--&?'="'@"AE=-$@=E'=D;='Q&-&C',S'?&N<A<=<"AC' $A",E&-H;,#&';A?'<AN&--&?>'

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The Nature of Definitions

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453V8P2!5G35/:

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455V8P2!5G35/:

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2##'=D&'%&A=;#<E=<@'&A=<=<&E'@"%&'<A';E'-&?$@&?'="'=D&'"T&-;=<"AE' ,S'QD<@D'=D&S';-&'",E&-H&?>'>'>'>'�$<=&'@"A=-;-S'="'&fT&@=;=<"AC' <='=$-AE'"$='=D;='=D&',&D;H<"-<E='@;A'&;='=D&'@;O&'"N'@"AE@<"$EW A&EE';A?'D;H&'<='="">'P&'%;S'A"=';#Q;SE'OA"Q'<=C',$='D&'@;A>'iTT>' (9ed(9Xj

The Hypothetico-Deductive Method

4D&' E&@"A?' ?&H&#"T%&A=' @"A@&-A&?' =D&' N"-%;#<L;=<"A' "N' =D&' DST"=D&=<@"W'?&?$@=<H&'%&=D"?'iP&%T&#'p'GTT&AD&<%C')XRej>'2@@"-?<AU' ="'=D<E'%&=D"?C'QD<@D'@;A',&'=-;@&?'=D-"$UD'+&Q="A';A?'B;#<#&"',;@O';E' N;-';E'2-<E="=#&C'=D&';TT-"T-<;=&'%&=D"?'N"-'E@<&A@&'Q;E'="'=&E=';'DST"=DW &E<E',S'?&?$@<AU';A'<%T#<@;=<"A'N-"%';'%"-&'U&A&-;#'#;Q'"-'=D&"-S>'4D<E';TW T-";@D'<E'E"%&=<%&E';#E"'OA"QA';E'=D&'g@"H&-<AU'#;Qk';TT-";@D>'ID&A'=D&' ?&?$@=<"A'"-'<%T#<@;=<"A'Q;E'N-;%&?'<A'=D&'T;E='=&AE&C'<='Q;E'-&U;-?&?';E' ;A'&fT#;A;=<"A>'ID&A'<='Q;E'N-;%&?'<A'=D&'N$=$-&'=&AE&C'<='Q;E'-&U;-?&?';E' ;'T-&?<@=<"A>'5N'&fT&-<%&A=;=<"A'"-'",E&-H;=<"A'S<&#?&?'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&' ?;=;'=D;='Q&-&'@"AE<E=&A='Q<=D'=D&'?&?$@=<"A'"-'<%T#<@;=<"AC'=D&'=D&"-S'Q;E' -&U;-?&?';E'E$TT"-=&?C';A?'=D&'&H&A='Q;E'-&U;-?&?';E'E$,E$%&?'$A?&-'=D&' #;Q';A?'=D&-&N"-&'&fT#;<A&?>'2@@"-?<AU'="'=D<E'H<&QC'=D&';TT-"T-<;=&'U";#' N"-'E@<&A@&'Q;E'="'?&H&#"T'=D&"-<&E'=D;='U&A&-;=&?'T-&?<@=<"AE'=D;='@"$#?',&' =&E=&?';U;<AE='=D&'N;@=E'"N'&fT&-<&A@&>'^A?&-'=D&'<AN#$&A@&'"N'#"U<@;#'T"E<W =<H<E%C'=D<E'%&=D"?"#"US',&@;%&'=D&'E=;A?;-?'<A'%"E='?<E@<T#<A&EC'TES@D"#W "US'<A@#$?&?>'5A?&&?C'<='Q;E'T;-=<@$#;-#S'<%T"-=;A='<A'TES@D"#"US',&@;$E&' <='-&T-&E&A=&?';'N$-=D&-'E;N&U$;-?';U;<AE='-&=$-A<AU'="'=D&'$A@&-=;<A=<&E' "N'<A=-"ET&@=<"A>'P&-&'Q;E';'@"A@-&=&'g&%T<-<@;#k'%&=D"?';@@"-?<AU'="' QD<@D'=D&"-<&E'@"$#?',&'=&E=&?';U;<AE='=D&'N;@=E'"N'&fT&-<&A@&>'3&E&;-@D&-E' D;?'g",h&@=<H&'@-<=&-<;k'N"-'?&@<?<AU'QD&=D&-';'=D&"-S'Q;E'E$TT"-=&?'"-'A"=>' 4D&S'D;?'N<A;##S'"H&-@"%&'=D&'@-<=<@<E%E',;E&?'"A'<A=-"ET&@=<H&'@"A@&-AE' Q<=D'$A",E&-H;,#&'%&A=;#'#<N&>'+&;-#S';##';-&;E'"N'TES@D"#"US'&%,-;@&?'=D&' %&=D"?C',$='<='Q;E'T;-=<@$#;-#S'E<UA<N<@;A='<A',&D;H<"-;#'#&;-A<AU'=D&"-S>'Y"-' &f;%T#&C'6>'7>'P$##';A?'Z>'I>'/T&A@&'&A=D$E<;E=<@;##S'&%,-;@&?'=D&'%&=D"?C' ;#=D"$UD'8>'6>'4"#%;AC'QD"'Q;E'?&@<?&?#S'#&EE'N"-%;#';A?'ESE=&%;=<@'<A'D<E' =D&"-<L<AUC'-&#<&?'#&EE'$T"A'<=>

+&H&-=D&#&EEC'@#"E&-';A;#SE<E'E$UU&E=E'=D;='=D&'E$TT"E&?';?H;A=;U&E' "N'=D&'%&=D"?';@=$;##S'N&##'Q&##'ED"-='"N'QD;='Q;E'@#;<%&?>'2E'-&E&;-@D&-E' ;A?'=D&"-<E=E';?"T=&?';A';TT-";@D'=D;='<AH"#H&?'T;-=<;#'?&N<A<=<"A'"N'@"AW @&T=E';@@"-?<AU'="';'DST"=D&=<@;#'@"AE=-$@='<A=&-T-&=;=<"AC'=D"E&'@"A@&T=E' %<UD=';@=$;##S',&'?$;#<E=<@'<A'A;=$-&C';E'?<E@$EE&?'&;-#<&->'4D&'DST"=D&=<@"W' ?&?$@=<H&'%&=D"?'E&-H&?'="'<AE$#;=&'=D"E&'@"A@&T=E'N-"%'E@-$=<AS>'3&@;##' =D;=';'T;-=<;#'?&N<A<=<"A'Q"$#?'#&U<=<%;=&#S';?%<='E"%&'?$;#<E=<@'@"A@&T=C' ,&@;$E&'=D&'&H<?&A@&'N"-'=D&'@"A@&T='?<NN&-&?'N-"%'=D&'A;=$-&'"N'=D&'@"AW @&T=>'4D$EC';##'E"-=E'"N'%&;E$-&E'Q&-&'D;<#&?';E'T-"f<&E'"-'E$--"U;=&E'N"-' QD;='Q;E';@=$;##S'E"%&'$A?&-#S<AU'?$;#<E=<@'@"A@&T=C'E<%T#S',&@;$E&'=D&' %&;E$-&E'Q&-&'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&';A?'@"$#?'U&A&-;=&';U-&&%&A=>'V"-<AU`E' i)X91j'l$"=&C'@<=&?'&;-#<&-C'Q;E'ES%T="%;=<@>'2'@"AET<@$"$E'&f;%T#&'Q;E' =D&'-&#<;A@&'"A'E"%&'TDSE<"#"U<@;#'%&;E$-&C'QD<@D'Q;E'=;O&A';E'&H<?&A@&' =D;='#&U<=<%<L&?'=;#O';,"$='E"%&'$A?&-#S<AU'?$;#<E=<@'@"A@&T=>'2@@"-?<AU'="'

456 MOORE

@"%%"A'-&;E"A<AUC',-;<A'-&@"-?<AUE'Q&-&'=;O&A'="'<A?<@;=&'E"%&'#"@;#<L;W =<"A'"N'N$A@=<"A>'4D;='#"@;#<L;=<"A'"N'N$A@=<"A'Q;EC'<A'=$-AC'=;O&A'="'<A?<@;=&' =D;='E"%&'<AA&-'@"A=-"##<AU'&A=<=S'"-';U&A=C'T&-D;TE'<A'=D&'N"-%'"N';'=D&"-&=<W @;#'D"%$A@$#$EC'-&E<?&?'<A'=D;='#"@;=<"A>'4D<E'QD"#&';TT-";@D'E<%T#S'-&T-&W E&A=&?'=D&'-&=$-A'="';'#"AUWE=;A?<AU'?$;#<E=<@'@"A@&-A'Q<=D';A';##W@"A=-"##<AU' %<A?'"-'E"$#C';A?'<='Q;E'"N'@"A@&-A'="'%;AS'i&>U>C'Z;A="-C')X.eq'/O<AA&-C' )XR9j>'5A';??<=<"AC'<='<%T#<&?'=D;='=D&'@"AE=-$@=<"A';A?'=&E=<AU'"N'DST"=D&E&E' <AH"#H&?'%SE=&-<"$E'%&A=;#';@=<H<=<&E'"A'=D&'T;-='"N'E@<&A=<E=EC'A"='$A?&-W E=;A?;,#&'<A'A;=$-;#<E=<@'=&-%E>'5A'ED"-=C'=D&'DST"=D&=<@"W?&?$@=<H&'%&=D"?' -&T-&E&A=E';'N"-%'"N'g&T<E=&%"#"U<@;#'?$;#<E%k';E'<='@"A@&-AE'=D&'T-"@&EE&E' ,S'QD<@D'E@<&A=<E=E';-&'T-&E$%&?'="';@l$<-&'OA"Q#&?U&>

The Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner

V>'Y>'/O<AA&-'i)X1Rd)XX1j'Q;E';'U-;?$;=&'E=$?&A=C'T"E=?"@="-;#'N&##"QC' ;A?'N;@$#=S'%&%,&-'?$-<AU'=D&'?<E@$EE<"AE'"$=#<A&?';,"H&>'P"Q&H&-C'D&' A&H&-'&%,-;@&?'=D&'/dGd3'%"?&#'"N'%&?<;=<"A;#'A&",&D;H<"-<E%'<A'D<E'&fW T#;A;=<"AE'"N',&D;H<"->'2E';'-&E$#=C'D&'?<?'A"='D;H&'=D&'E;%&'@"A@&-AE';E'D<E' A&",&D;H<"-<E='@"A=&%T"-;-<&E';,"$='?&N<A<=<"AE'"N'$A",E&-H;,#&'%&?<;=<AU' =&-%EC'<AN&--&?'@"AE=-$@=EC'H;#<?;=<"AC'=D&"-S'=&E=<AUC';A?'E"'"A>'/O<AA&-`E' ;TT-";@D'="';'E@<&A@&'"N',&D;H<"-'<E'A"Q'OA"QA';E'behavior analysis. The TD<#"E"TDS'"N'E@<&A@&'$A?&-#S<AU',&D;H<"-';A;#SE<E'<E'@;##&?'radical behav- iorism>'P"Q'/O<AA&-'@;%&'="'?&H&#"T'D<E'<?&;E'<E';'@"%T#&f'E="-SC'?&E@-<,&?' <A'D<E'E&H&-;#';$=",<"U-;TD<@;#'Q"-OEC';A?'<E'A"='-&T&;=&?'D&-&>'8ET&@<;##S' <%T"-=;A='N-"%'=D&'"$=E&='Q&-&'D<E'<A=&-&E=E'<A'H&-,;#',&D;H<"-';A?'&T<E=&W %"#"US>'4D&'=&-%'radical'<%T#<&E';'=D"-"$UDU"<AU';A?'@"%T-&D&AE<H&',&W D;H<"-<E%C'-;=D&-'=D;A';A'&f=-&%&'T"E<=<"A'=D;='<E'N;A;=<@;##S'-&E=-<@=&?'="' "A#S'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"->'/O<AA&-'i)XeXj'&fT#<@<=#S'#<AO&?'D<E'<?&;E' ="'=D&'TD<#"E"TDS'"N'E@<&A@&'QD&A'D&'?&N<A&?'-;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E%'<A'=D&'N"#W #"Q<AU'Q;S[

5'?"A`=',&#<&H&'5'@"<A&?'=D&'=&-%'-;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E%C',$='QD&A' ;EO&?'QD;='5'%&;A',S'<=C'5'D;H&';#Q;SE'E;<?C'g=D&'TD<#"E"TDS' "N';'E@<&A@&'"N',&D;H<"-'=-&;=&?';E';'E$,h&@='%;==&-'<A'<=E'"QA' -<UD=';T;-='N-"%'<A=&-A;#'&fT#;A;=<"AEC'%&A=;#'"-'TDSE<"#"U<@;#>k' iT>')00j

2#=D"$UD',"=D'/O<AA&-';A?'I;=E"A'D"#?'=D;=',&D;H<"-'<E';'E$,h&@='%;==&-' <A'<=E'"QA'-<UD=C'/O<AA&-'?<NN&-E'N-"%'I;=E"A'<A'@&-=;<A'"=D&-'-&ET&@=EC'@D<&N' ;%"AU'QD<@D';-&'=D&'<%T#<@;=<"AE'"N'=D&'@"A@&T=<"A'"N'"T&-;A=',&D;H<"->'I&' @;A'A"Q'-&H<&Q'=D&',;E<@'T-<A@<T#&E'"N'/O<AA&-`E'-;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E%'i:""-&C' )XXXC'011ej>

Some Basic Principles of B. F. Skinner’s “Radical Behaviorism”

1. Behavior: A subject matter in its own right. Behavior'<E'=D&'A;%&'N"-' =D;='T;-='"N'=D&'N$A@=<"A<AU'"N';A'"-U;A<E%'=D;='@"AE<E=E'"N'<=E'<A=&-;@=<AU' "-'D;H<AU'@"%%&-@&'Q<=D'<=E'E$--"$A?<AU'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'@<-@$%E=;A@&E>' 2A'<AE=;A@&'"N',&D;H<"-'<E';A'&H&A=>'4D&'N"-%$#;=<"A'"N';',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=' <A@#$?&E'A"='"A#S'i;j'D"Q'=D&'"-U;A<E%'<E';@=<AU',$=';#E"'i,j'=D&'N&;=$-&E'"N' =D&'E$--"$A?<AU'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'@<-@$%E=;A@&E'Q<=D'-&ET&@='="'QD<@D'<='<E' ;@=<AU>'4D<E'E$,h&@='%;==&-'<E'N"-%$#;=&?';E';'N$A@=<"A;#'-&#;=<"A',&=Q&&A' =D&',&D;H<"-'<A'l$&E=<"A';A?'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'H;-<;,#&E>'4D&'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'

457V8P2!5G35/:

H;-<;,#&E';-&'=D"E&'=D;='D;H&',&@"%&'E<UA<N<@;A='?$-<AU'=D&'#<N&=<%&'"N'=D&' ET&@<&EC'"-'D;H&',&&A'&fT&-<&A@&?'?$-<AU'=D&'#<N&=<%&'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%C'<AW @#$?<AU'<=E'E"@<;#W@$#=$-;#'&AH<-"A%&A=>'F;-='"N'=D&'&AH<-"A%&A='<E'&A@#"E&?' Q<=D<A'=D&'EO<A>'I&'?&=&-%<A&'N$A@=<"A;#'-&#;=<"AE',S'H;-S<AU'&AH<-"A%&AW =;#'@"A?<=<"AE';A?'E&&<AU'<N',&D;H<"-'H;-<&E';@@"-?<AU#SC'=D-"$UD'=D&'&fW T&-<%&A=;#'%&=D"?>'5A'ET&@<;#'E<=$;=<"AE'<='<E';TT-"T-<;=&'="'@"AE<?&-'g?"<AU' A"=D<AUk'"-'gE=;A?<AU'E=<##k';E'<AE=;A@&E'"N',&D;H<"->'4D$EC'A"=';##'<AE=;A@&E' "N'%"H&%&A=';-&',&D;H<"-C';A?'A"=';##'<AE=;A@&E'"N',&D;H<"-'&A=;<#'%"H&W %&A=>'/"%&'<AE=;A@&E'"N',&D;H<"-'"@@$-',&@;$E&';A'&#<@<=<AU'E=<%$#$E'D;E' ,&&A'T-&E&A=&?'="'=D&'"-U;A<E%C'&<=D&-'$A@"A?<=<"A&?'"-'@"A?<=<"A&?>'G=D&-' <AE=;A@&E'"@@$-',&@;$E&'<A'=D&'T;E=C'=D&',&D;H<"-'D;E'T-"?$@&?';'T;-=<@$#;-' @"AE&l$&A@&'<A'=D&'T-&E&A@&'"N';'T;-=<@$#;-'E&='"N';A=&@&?&A='@<-@$%E=;A@&EC' ;A?'=D"E&';A=&@&?&A='@<-@$%E=;A@&E';-&';U;<A'T-&E&A=>'4D<E'#;==&-'@;E&'<E' ?&E@-<,&?';E';'=D-&&W=&-%'@"A=<AU&A@S'"N'-&<AN"-@&%&A=['5A'=D&'T-&E&A@&'"N' i;j';'?<E@-<%<A;=<H&'E=<%$#$EC'i,j';'-&ET"AE&'@D;-;@=&-<E=<@;##S'T-"?$@&E'i@j';' -&<AN"-@<AU'@"AE&l$&A@&>'4"',&'E$-&C';'=D&"-&=<@;##S'"-<&A=&?',&D;H<"-;#'A&$W -"E@<&A@&'<E'@#&;-#S';'#&U<=<%;=&'?<E@<T#<A&>'4D&-&'<E';'E&AE&'<A'QD<@D';',&D;HW <"-;#';@@"$A='"N';A'&H&A='D;E'=Q"'U;TE>'GA&'U;T'<E'Q<=D<A'=D&'&H&A=C'N-"%'=D&' =<%&';A'"-U;A<E%'&A@"$A=&-E'E"%&'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'@<-@$%E=;A@&'="'=D&'=<%&' <='-&ET"A?E>'2'E&@"A?'U;T'<E',&=Q&&A'&H&A=EC'N-"%'=D&'=<%&'=D&'E$,h&@='D;E' ;'U<H&A'&fT&-<&A@&'="'=D&'=<%&'=D&'&NN&@=E'"N'=D;='&fT&-<&A@&';-&'-&N#&@=&?'<A' <=E',&D;H<"->'4D&-&';-&'TDSE<"#"U<@;#'TD&A"%&A;';EE"@<;=&?'Q<=D'=D&E&'U;TE' =D;='A&$-"E@<&A@&'@;A'OA"Q';,"$=';A?'=D;='Q<##'<A@-&;E&'"$-';,<#<=S'="'T-&W ?<@=';A?'@"A=-"#',&D;H<"-C'N"-'&f;%T#&C'<N'<AN"-%;=<"A';,"$=';A'"-U;A<E%`E' ,&D;H<"-;#'D<E="-S'<E'#;@O<AU>'5A';AS'@;E&C',&D;H<"-'<E'A"='E=$?<&?',&@;$E&'<=' T-"H<?&E'&H<?&A@&'=D;='H;#<?;=&E'=D&"-&=<@;#'"-'&fT#;A;="-S'<AN&-&A@&E';,"$=' @;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"-'i&>U>C';@=EC'E=;=&EC'%&@D;A<E%EC'T-"@&EE&EC'&A=<=<&Ej'N-"%' ;A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"A'i&>U>C'A&$-;#C'%&A=;#C'@"UA<=<H&C'TES@D<@C'@"A@&T=$;#j>'4D&' ,$#O'"N'=-;?<=<"A;#'TES@D"#"US'&%,-;@&E'=D&'E&@"A?'T&-ET&@=<H&C'D"Q&H&-' <%T#<@<=#S>

2. Analytic concepts: Functional, relational, and generic>'M&N<A<=<"AE'"N' @"A@&T=E';-&'N$A@=<"A;#';A?'-&#;=<"A;#>'Y"-'&f;%T#&C';'-&<AN"-@&-'<E'?&N<A&?' <A'=&-%E'"N'<=E'N$A@=<"A>'5='<E';'@"AE&l$&A@&'"N';'-&ET"AE&'=D;='<A@-&;E&E' =D&'T-",;,<#<=S'"N'=D&'-&ET"AE&>'Y$-=D&-%"-&C'<='<E'?&N<A&?',S'<=E'-&#;=<"A'="' =D&'-&ET"AE&'<A'l$&E=<"A>'3&;?&-E'%;S'A"=&'=D;='E"%&=D<AU'Q<=D'E$U;-'<A'<=' %;S'Q&##'N$A@=<"A';E';'-&<AN"-@&-'QD&A'<='<E'T-&E&A=&?';E';'@"AE&l$&A@&'"N' ;'-&ET"AE&>'P"Q&H&-C'Q&'?&N<A&'<=';E';'-&<AN"-@&-',&@;$E&'"N'<=E'&NN&@='"A',&W D;H<"-C'A"=',S'D"Q'%$@D'E$U;-'<='D;E'<A'<=>'Y<A;##SC'E=<%$#<';A?'-&ET"AE&E';-&' U&A&-<@'@"A@&T=Es=D&S',&#"AU'="'@#;EE&EC';A?'=D&'N$A@=<"A;#'-&#;=<"AE'iE$@D' ;E'-&<AN"-@&%&A=j'",=;<A',&=Q&&A'@#;EE&E>'6#;EE',"$A?;-<&E';-&'E"%&=<%&E' ?&=&-%<A&?',S'&fT&-<&A@&C';A?'E"%&=<%&E'=D&S';-&'<AA;=&>

3. Behavior: Public and private. 2#=D"$UD'%;AS',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E';-&' T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&C'A"=';##';-&>'/"%&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E';-&'gT-<H;=&Ck'<A'=D&' E&AE&'=D;='=D&S';-&';@@&EE<,#&'="'"A#S'=D&'T&-E"A'QD"'<E',&D;H<AU>'F-<H;=&' ,&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E';-&'?&=&-%<A&?',S'=D&'=""#E'"-'@D;-;@=&-<E=<@E'"N';A'",W E&-H&-C'-;=D&-'=D;A',S';AS=D<AU'T&-=;<A<AU'="'=D&'A;=$-&'"N'=D&'&H&A='<=E&#N' iM"A;D"&'p'F;#%&-C')XXRj>'4ST<@;##SC'=D&E&'T-<H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E'U;<A' =D&<-'N$A@=<"A;#'E<UA<N<@;A@&'=D-"$UD'T$,#<@'-&#;=<"AE>'6"AE&l$&A=#SC'=D&-&' <E'A"';TT&;#'="';$="A"%"$E'T-<H;=&'&A=<=<&E'N-"%';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESEW =&%';E'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"->'V&D;H<"-;#'T-<A@<T#&E';-&'?&H&#"T&?'=D-"$UD'=D&' ;A;#SE<E'"N'T$,#<@',&D;H<"-';A?'=D&A'$E&?'<A'<A=&-T-&=;=<"AE'"N'T-<H;=&'N"-%E>'

458 MOORE

F-<H;=&',&D;H<"-'<E'=D&-&N"-&'=D&'-&@<T<&A='"N';A;#SE&E'"N'T$,#<@',&D;H<"-C'A"=' =D&';$="A"%"$E';A?'<A<=<;=<AU'?"A"-'="'=D&%>'2E'$E&?'D&-&C'=D<E'E&AE&'"N' T-<H;@S'<%T#<&E'=D;='<A'=D&'N$=$-&C'T&-D;TE'Q<=D'=&@DA"#"U<@;#';?H;A@&EC'T-<W H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E'%;S',&'%"-&'-&;?<#S';@@&EE<,#&'="'"=D&-EC',$='&H&A'<N' =D&S';-&'A"=C'=D&S'-&%;<A'A;=$-;#',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E>'5A'E$%C'T-<H;=&',&D;HW <"-;#'&H&A=E'i;j';-&'A"='<A';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"Aq'i,j';-&'A"=';'A&@&EE;-S';A=&@&?W &A='"-'%&?<;="-'N"-';'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=q'i@j';-&'A&<=D&-' <A<=<;=<AU'A"-'"-<U<A;=<AU'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"-C';#=D"$UD'=D&S'@;A'T"=&A=<;##S' @"A=-<,$=&'="'?<E@-<%<A;=<H&'@"A=-"#'"H&-'E$,E&l$&A=',&D;H<"-q'i?j';-&'=D&%W E&#H&E'@;$E&?',SC';A?'%;S'&A=&-'<A="'=D&',&D;H<"-;#'E=-&;%';E';'-&E$#='"NC' &H&A=E'=D;='=-;AET<-&'?$-<AU'=D&'#<N&=<%&'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%q';A?'i&j'ED"$#?',&' ;A;#SL&?'<A'=D&'E;%&'Q;S';E'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"-C'-;=D&-'=D;A';@W @"-?<AU'="';'?<NN&-&A='%"?&'"N'<Al$<-S>'4D&'g-;?<@;#k'<A'-;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E%' %&;AE'g;A';TT-";@D'=D;='<E'=D"-"$UD#S';A?'@"%T-&D&AE<H&#S',&D;H<"-;#';A?' =D;='=D&-&,S'@;A'<A@#$?&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E'QD<@D';-&'A"='T$,#<@#S'",E&-HW ;,#&>k'5='?"&E'A"='%&;A'g;A'&f=-&%&';TT-";@D'=D;='<E'N;A;=<@;##S'-&E=-<@=&?' ="'"A#S'=D&'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&'<A'"-?&-'="'%&&='@&-=;<A'@"A@&T=<"AE'"N'QD;=' E@<&A@&'%$E=',&C';A?'-&l$<-&E'=D&-&N"-&'=D;='&H&-S=D<AU'=D;='<E'A"='T$,#<@#S' ",E&-H;,#&',&'&<=D&-'i;j'<UA"-&?',S',&D;H<"-;#'E@<&A@&'"-'i,j'=-&;=&?';E';' =D&"-&=<@;#'@"AE=-$@=C'QD<@D'<E'=D&A'"T&-;=<"A;##S'?&N<A&?'<A'=&-%E'"N'T$,W #<@#S'",E&-H;,#&'H;-<;,#&E>k'4D&',$#O'"N'=-;?<=<"A;#'TES@D"#"US'&%,-;@&E'=D<E' E&@"A?'%&;A<AUC'D"Q&H&-'<%T#<@<=#S>

4. Opposition to mentalism.':&A=;#<E%'<E'=D&';TT&;#'="'@;$E&E'"N',&D;HW <"-'i&>U>C';@=EC'E=;=&EC'%&@D;A<E%EC'T-"@&EE&EC'&A=<=<&EC'N;@$#=<&EC'E=-$@=$-&Ej' N-"%'"=D&-'?<%&AE<"AE'i&>U>C'A&$-;#C'%&A=;#C'@"UA<=<H&C'TES@D<@C'@"A@&T=$;#C' %SE=<@;#C'=-;AE@&A?&A=;#j'<A';A'&fT#;A;=<"A'"N',&D;H<"->'P"Q&H&-C'=D&-&' <E'A"'#<=&-;#'%&A=;#'?<%&AE<"A'=D;='?<NN&-E'N-"%';',&D;H<"-;#'?<%&AE<"A>' 6"AE&l$&A=#SC'g%&A=;#'=;#Ok'<A'=-;?<=<"A;#'TES@D"#"US'?"&E'A"='"@@$-',&W @;$E&'"N'=D&';@=$;#'<AN#$&A@&'"N'TD&A"%&A;'N-"%'=D&'%&A=;#'?<%&AE<"A>' 3;=D&-C'%&A=;#'=;#O'"@@$-E',&@;$E&'"N';'Q<?&'H;-<&=S'"N'"=D&-'&f=-;A&"$E' <AN#$&A@&E>'4"',&'E$-&C'<A'@&-=;<A'@;E&E'%&A=;#'=;#O'%;S';TT&;-'="',&'H;#<?C' ,$=';AS';TT;-&A='H;#<?<=S'<E',&@;$E&'=D&'=;#O'E"%&D"Q'=;O&E'<A="';@@"$A=' ;@=$;#'A&$-"TDSE<"#"U<@;#'H;-<;,#&EC'@"A=<AU&A='-&#;=<"AE',&=Q&&A',&D;H<"-' ;A?'&AH<-"A%&A=C'T;==&-AE'"N'"AU"<AU',&D;H<"-C'"-'T-<H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=EC' -;=D&-'=D;A'E"W@;##&?'%&A=;#'N;@="-E'=D;=';-&'-&U;-?&?';E'?<NN&-&A='N-"%',&W D;H<"-;#'N;@="-E';A?',&#"AU<AU'="';'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESE=&%'=D;='?<NN&-E'N-"%' =D&',&D;H<"-;#'?<%&AE<"A>'Y"-'&f;%T#&C'=;#O'"N'<A=&-A;#'gE=;=&Ek'%;S'A&U#&@=' ="'=-;@&'=D&'"-<U<A'"N'=D&'E=;=&EC'<N';AS'<A=&-A;#'E=;=&'<E'&H&A'-&#&H;A=C',;@O' ="'@"A=;@='Q<=D'=D&'&AH<-"A%&A=C'E$@D'=D;='=D&'E=;=&E';-&'A"='<A?&T&A?&A=C' ;$="A"%"$E'@"A=-<,$=<"AE'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%'N-"%';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESEW =&%>'6#"E&-';A;#SE<E'<A?<@;=&E'=D;='%"E='"N'=D&'=<%&C'%&A=;#'=;#O'&A=;<#E'N;AW @<N$#'&fT#;A;="-S'N<@=<"AE'=D;=';-&'@D&-<ED&?'N"-'&f=-;A&"$E';A?'<--&#&H;A=' -&;E"AEC'E$@D';E',S',&<AU'T;-='"N'=D&'U&A&-;#'H<&Q'"N'D$%;A'A;=$-&'=D;='<E' =;@<=#S';EE$%&?'="',&'=-$&';A?'<E'?&&T#S'<AU-;<A&?'<A'"$-'I&E=&-A'@$#=$-&>' 5A'E$%C'=D&E&'N<@=<"AE';-&'=;O&A'i;j'="',&'<A';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESE=&%q'i,j' ="';NN"-?'g@"%T&=&A@&Ck'="',&';'%&?<;="-C'"-'="',&';'A&@&EE;-S'<A<=<;=<AU'"-' "-<U<A;=<AU'@;$E&'N"-';'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=q'i@j'="',&'T;-=' "N'=D&'<A=-<AE<@'TES@D"#"U<@;#'%;O&$T'=D;='?&N<A&E'D$%;A'A;=$-&q';A?'i?j'="' -&l$<-&';'?<NN&-&A='%"?&'"N'<Al$<-S'=D;A'?"&E'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"->' 3;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E=E';-U$&'=D;='=D&'%&A=;#'=;#O'<E'="',&'-&h&@=&?',&@;$E&'<='<E' %;A<N&E=#S'@"$A=&-T-"?$@=<H&['5='?<H&-=E';==&A=<"A';Q;S'N-"%C';A?'=D&-&N"-&'

459V8P2!5G35/:

<A=&-N&-&E'Q<=DC'=D&';A;#SE<E'"N'N$A@=<"A;#'-&#;=<"AE',&=Q&&A',&D;H<"-';A?' &AH<-"A%&A=;#'H;-<;,#&E>'5A'T;-=<@$#;-C'N;<#$-&'="'@"A@&<H&'"N'T-<H;=&'TD&W A"%&A;';E',&D;H<"-;#'-;=D&-'=D;A'%&A=;#'"T&AE'=D&'?""-'="'=-;?<=<"A;#'?$W ;#<E=<@'@"A@&T=<"AE'"N'=D&'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"-';A?'$#=<%;=&#S';'gA"=D<AU'@;A' ,&'?"A&';,"$='<=k';==<=$?&'@"A@&-A<AU',&D;H<"->'5A?&&?C';A'&A=<-&'"-<&A=;=<"A' ="'-&E&;-@D'D;E',&@"%&'"-=D"?"f'<A'@"A=&%T"-;-S'TES@D"#"US'=D;='E$TT"-=E' %&A=;#<E=<@';A;#SE&E'"N',&D;H<"->'4D<E'"-<&A=;=<"A'$E&E'T$,#<@#S'",E&-HW ;,#&'H;-<;,#&E';E'T-"f<&EC'"-'E$--"U;=&EC'N"-'=D&'%&A=;#'@;$E&E'<A'"-?&-'="' %&&='=D&'T-&E$%&?'-&l$<-&%&A=E'"N'E@<&A@&';A?'<E'@;##&?'g%&=D"?"#"U<@;#' ,&D;H<"-<E%>k

5. Selection by consequences.'/&#&@=<"A',S'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'@"AE&l$&A@&E' <E'=D&'E<UA<N<@;A='@;$E;#'%"?&C';='=D-&&'#&H&#E['i;j'TDS#"U&ASs=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&' ET&@<&EC'?&;#='Q<=D',S';',&D;H<"-W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AN"-%&?',&D;H<"-;#'U&A&=<@Eq' i,j'"A="U&ASs=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&'<A?<H<?$;#'"-U;A<E%'?$-<AU'<=E'#<N&=<%&C'?&;#=' Q<=D',S',&D;H<"-';A;#SE<Eq';A?'i@j'@$#=$-;#s=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&'@$#=$-&C'?&;#=' Q<=D',S';',&D;H<"-W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AN"-%&?'@$#=$-;#'"-'E"@<;#';A=D-"T"#"US>

6. Verbal behavior as operant behavior.'!&-,;#',&D;H<"-'<E';'-&E$#='"N' "T&-;A=',&D;H<"-;#'T-"@&EE&EC'-;=D&-'=D;A'-&T-&E&A=;=<"A;#'"-'#"U<@;#'T-"W @&EE&E'=D;=';-&'&fT#<@<=#S'D&#?'="',&'A"A,&D;H<"-;#>'ZA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E'E$@D' ;E'E@<&A=<N<@'=D&"-<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE';-&'H&-,;#'TD&A"%&A;';A?'%;S',&' ;A;#SL&?';E'E$@DC'-;=D&-'=D;A';E'@"AE=-$@=<"AE'D;H<AU';'-&T-&E&A=;=<"A;#' "-'#"U<@;#'E=;=$E'=D;='<E'&fT#<@<=#S'A"A,&D;H<"-;#>'5A?&&?C'="'H<&Q'=D&%';E' A"A,&D;H<"-;#'@"AE=-$@=<"AE'<E'="';@@&T='%&A=;#<E=<@';EE$%T=<"AE';,"$='=D&'A;W =$-&'"N'=D&'T-"@&EE&E';@@"-?<AU'="'QD<@D'D$%;AE';-&'E;<?'="',&@"%&'OA"Q#W &?U&;,#&>'4D&"-<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE'<?&A=<NS'@;$E;#'-&#;=<"AE'<A',&D;H<"-C' ;A?'=D&A'N"-%$#;=&'=D&%'<A';,E=-;@=C'&@"A"%<@;#'=&-%E>'4D&'<%T"-=;A@&'"N' -&E&;-@D';A?'=D&'E@<&A=<N<@'%&=D"?'<E'=D;='=D&S'ED;-T&A'=D&'?<E@-<%<A;=<H&' @"A=-"#'"N'A;=$-;#'H;-<;,#&E'"H&-'=D&'E@<&A=<N<@'H&-,;#',&D;H<"-'=D;='@"AE=<W =$=&E'OA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%EC'N"-'&f;%T#&C',S'-&%"H<AU'%&=;TD"-E'"-'"=D&-'N"-%E' "N'%<E@D<&H"$E'H&-,;#'?<E="-=<"AE'"-'&f=&AE<"AE>'2'T;-=<@$#;-#S'<%T"-=;A=' @"A=-<,$=<"A'"N'-&E&;-@D';A?'=D&'E@<&A=<N<@'%&=D"?'<A',&D;H<"-;#'E@<&A@&'<E' ="'-&%"H&'=D&'%&A=;#<E=<@'<AN#$&A@&'N-"%'OA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E>'4D<E'%&A=;#<E=<@' <AN#$&A@&'%;S',&'-&;?<#S'E&&A'<A'=D&"-<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE'=D;=';TT&;#'="' &H&A=E'=;O<AU'T#;@&'E"%&QD&-&'&#E&C';='E"%&'"=D&-'#&H&#'"N'",E&-H;=<"AC'?&W E@-<,&?'<A'?<NN&-&A='=&-%EC';A?'%&;E$-&?C'<N';=';##C'<A'?<NN&-&A='?<%&AE<"A;#' ESE=&%EC'<AE=&;?'"N'=D&"-<&E'=D;=';-&'N"-%;#';A?'&@"A"%<@;#'-&T-&E&A=;=<"AE' "N'?;=;C'-&?$@&?'="';'%<A<%;#'A$%,&-'"N'=&-%E>'2TT-"T-<;=&#S'N"-%$#;=&?' E@<&A=<N<@'E=;=&%&A=E';##"Q'<A?<H<?$;#E'="',&D;H&'&NN&@=<H&#S'Q<=D"$='?<-&@=' "-'T-"#"AU&?'T&-E"A;#'@"A=;@='Q<=D'=D&'@"?<N<&?'E<=$;=<"AE>

7. Pragmatism.'B<H&A'=D&'T-&@&?<AU'T-<A@<T#&EC'=D&'<%T"-=;A@&'"N' OA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E'<E'h$?U&?'<A'=&-%E'"N'=D&<-'T-;U%;=<@'@"A=-<,$=<"A'="' T-;@=<@;#C'&NN&@=<H&';@=<"A'i&>U>C'T-&?<@=<"A';A?'@"A=-"#j>'Y"-'&f;%T#&C'=Q"' <%T"-=;A='U";#E'"N'E@<&A@&';-&'i;j'="';A;#SL&'=D&'@"A=<AU&A@<&E'"N'-&<AW N"-@&%&A='N"$A?'<A'A;=$-&';A?'i,j'="'N"-%$#;=&'-$#&E'"-'#;QE'=D;='%;O&'<=' $AA&@&EE;-S'="',&'?<-&@=#S'&fT"E&?'="'=D&'@"A=<AU&A@<&E'="'E&@$-&'?&E<-&?' "$=@"%&E>'4D&E&'U";#E'@"$#?',&'E;<?'="'#&;?'<A'=$-A'="'<A@-&;E&?'g$A?&-W E=;A?<AUk'"N'A;=$-;#'&H&A=E>'4-$=D'%;S'=D&-&N"-&',&'-&U;-?&?';E';'%;==&-' "N'<A@-&;E<AU'"$-'$A?&-E=;A?<AU'"N'QD;='T-"%"=&E'&NN&@=<H&';@=<"A'Q<=D' -&ET&@='="'A;=$-&>

8. Social activism.'G$-'@$#=$-&'ED"$#?';@=<H&#S'T-"%"=&'T-;@=<@&E'=D;=' <A@-&;E&'=D&'l$;#<=S'"N'#<N&'N"-'<=E'@<=<L&AE>'GA&'"N'=D&E&'<E'=D&'-&h&@=<"A'"N'

460 MOORE

%&A=;#<E%'<A'D$%;A';NN;<-E>'5A'=D&'#"AU'-$AC'%&A=;#<E%'?&@-&;E&E'l$;#<=S' "N'#<N&',&@;$E&'<='%<E<?&A=<N<&E'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"-';A?'=D&-&,S'<AD<,<=E'=D&' U-"Q=D'"N'E@<&A=<N<@'OA"Q#&?U&>'2A"=D&-'T-;@=<@&'<E'=D&';TT#<@;=<"A'"N',&D;HW <"-;#'T-<A@<T#&E'="'-&%&?S'T-",#&%E'Q<=D'E"@<;##S'E<UA<N<@;A=',&D;H<"-C'N"-' &f;%T#&C',S'E=-&AU=D&A<AU'-&T&-="<-&E'"N';?;T=<H&',&D;H<"->'G$-'@$#=$-&'Q<##' T-&E$%;,#S',&A&N<='<N'T&-E"AE';-&',&==&-'-&;?&-EC'"-'%"-&'@;-&N$#'E=&Q;-?E' "N'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'-&E"$-@&E>'2'@$#=$-&'=D-<H&E'QD&A'<='=&;@D&E'<=E'%&%,&-E' ="',&'@"A@&-A&?';,"$='=D&'Q&#N;-&';A?'$#=<%;=&'E$-H<H;#'"N'=D&'@$#=$-&C' -;=D&-'=D;A'h$E='=D&<-'"QA'<%%&?<;=&'Q&##W,&<AU>'^AN"-=$A;=&#SC'=D&'-;?<W @;#',&D;H<"-<E='U";#E'-$A'@"$A=&-'="'Q&##W&E=;,#<ED&?'%&A=;#<E=<@'T-;@=<@&E' <A'=D&'@$#=$-&';='#;-U&C';A?';-&'"N=&A'%&='Q<=D'U-&;='%<E$A?&-E=;A?<AU';A?' -&E<E=;A@&>

9. Summary.'2'@"%T-&D&AE<H&'E@<&A@&'"N',&D;H<"-'<E'@"A@&-A&?'Q<=D';@W @"$A=<AU'N"-C'T-&?<@=<AUC'@"A=-"##<AUC'<AN#$&A@<AUC'&fT#;<A<AUC';A?'<A';'H&-S' ,-";?'E&AE&'$A?&-E=;A?<AU',&D;H<"->'ID;='<E'-&#&H;A='N"-'-&E&;-@D&-E';A?'=D&W "-<E=E'="'=;O&'<A="';@@"$A=';E'=D&S';??-&EE'=D&E&'@"A@&-AEw'Y<-E=C'=D&S'@;A'$E&W N$##S'=;O&'<A="';@@"$A='=D&'$A?&-#S<AU'TDSE<"#"US'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%'Q<=D'QD<@D' =D&S';-&'?&;#<AU>'4D<E'<E'=D&'T-"H<A@&'"N'A&$-"E@<&A@&>'VS'$A?&-E=;A?<AU'D"Q' =D&'"-U;A<E%`E',"?S'Q"-OEC'"-'D"Q'<='D;E',&&A'&l$<TT&?'=D-"$UD'&H"#$=<"A'="' ?&;#'Q<=D'=D&'&AH<-"A%&A=C'"-'D"Q'<=';#-&;?S'D;E',&&A'@D;AU&?',S'&fT&-<&A@&E' ?$-<AU'<=E'#<N&=<%&C'=D&S'@;A',&==&-'T-&?<@=';A?'@"A=-"#',&D;H<"->'/&@"A?C'-&W E&;-@D&-E';A?'=D&"-<E=E'@;A'$E&N$##S'=;O&'<A="';@@"$A='=D&'$A?&-#S<AU'U&A&=<@' E=-$@=$-&'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%>'4D<E'<E'=D&'T-"H<A@&'"N',&D;H<"-W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AW N"-%&?',&D;H<"-;#'U&A&=<@E>'8H"#$=<"A'D;E'E&#&@=&?'T;-=<@$#;-'U&A&=<@'&A?"QW %&A=E'=D;='T-"H<?&'@&-=;<A'-&ET"AE&E'="'&AH<-"A%&A=;#'E=<%$#;=<"AC';E'Q&##' ;E'A&-H"$E'ESE=&%E'=D;='@;A',&'%"?<N<&?'?$-<AU'=D&'#<N&=<%&'"N'=D&'"-U;AW <E%'="';@l$<-&'A&Q'N"-%E'"N'-&ET"AE&'="'=D&'&AH<-"A%&A=>'4D<-?C'-&E&;-@D&-E' ;A?'=D&"-<E=E'@;A'$E&N$##S'=;O&'<A="';@@"$A='&H&A=E'?$-<AU'=D&'#<N&=<%&'"N'=D&' "-U;A<E%>'4D<E'<E'=D&'T-"H<A@&'"N',&D;H<"-';A;#SE<E>'4D&'"-U;A<E%'=ST<@;##S' &fT&-<&A@&E',"=D'&#<@<=<AU'&H&A=E';A?'@"AE&l$&A@&E'"N'<=E'-&ET"AE&E'?$-<AU' <=E'#<N&=<%&C';A?'=D&E&'&fT&-<&A@&E'@D;AU&'=D&'"-U;A<E%'E"'=D;='<=',&D;H&E'<A' ?<NN&-&A='Q;SE'<A'=D&'N$=$-&>'Y"$-=DC'-&E&;-@D&-E';A?'=D&"-<E=E'@;A'$E&N$##S' =;O&'<A="';@@"$A='=D&',-";?'@$#=$-;#'@"A=&f='<A'QD<@D'=D&'"-U;A<E%'#<H&E>'4D<E' <E'=D&'T-"H<A@&'"N';',&D;H<"-W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AN"-%&?'@$#=$-;#';A=D-"T"#"US>'4D&' #<H<AU'"-U;A<E%'<E'<AN#$&A@&?',S'T-;@=<@&E';A?'@<-@$%E=;A@&E'=D;='D;H&'=D&<-' "-<U<AE'<A'=D&',&D;H<"-'"N'"=D&-'"-U;A<E%EC';A?'=D&'<AN#$&A@&'"N'=D&E&'<A=&-W #"@O<AU';--;AU&%&A=E'<E'E<UA<N<@;A=>

Summary and Conclusions

Y"-',&D;H<"-';A;#SE=EC',&D;H<"-<E%'<E'=D&'TD<#"E"TDS'"N'E@<&A@&'$A?&-#SW <AU'=D&'E@<&A@&'"N',&D;H<"->'5='=;O&E',&D;H<"-';E';'E$,h&@='%;==&-'<A'<=E'"QA' -<UD=C';A?';TT#<&E'=D&'T-<A@<T#&E';A?'%&=D"?E'"N'"=D&-'A;=$-;#'E@<&A@&E'="' ?&H&#"T'=D&"-<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE>

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462 MOORE

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