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Mod 1 SLP

William Gates

Senior Capstone Project

TUI

Dr. Robert Grice

Tuberculosis History

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that has been there for a very long time and has claimed many lives throughout human history. It first epidemic reports in Europe and the US was in 18th and 19th centuries. At that timetime, it was nicknameds “Captain among these men of death”. In the 19th Century, Theophile Laennec pioneered the study of tuberculosis focusing on its cause. In 1865, Antoine Villemin further found how the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis was transmitted. Later in 1882, Robert Koch found out that tubercle bacillus was the cause of tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test was developed by Clemens Von Pirquet in the year 1907. Later in the 19th and 20th century, Senatoria developed a treatment regimen for tuberculosis. The BCG vaccines was developed and greatly used following the world war one. There was further progress in the treatment of tuberculosis in 1944 and 1952 when streptomycin and Isoniazid where discovered (Hawn et al., 2014).

In 1943 was made on TB treatment. In guinea pigs, streptomycin, refined from Streptomyces griseus, a maximal restraint of M. tuberculosis with generally toxicity. In 1944, the anti-microbial was given for first use to a very sick patient with TB. The impact was very quickly great. His advanced condition was unmistakably treated, the microscopic organisms vanished from his sputum, and he made a fast recuperation. Nonetheless, the new medication had adverse drug reactions, particularly on the inner ear, however the reality remained that, TB was no more drawn out a bacteriological exemption; it could be pounced upon and beaten into withdraw inside the human body. A quick progression of anti-TB medications was recorded in the next years. It was imperative on the grounds that with the use of streptomycin monotherapy (use of a single drug), resistant mutants started to show up within a couple of months, taking back the achievement of antibiotic treatment. Nevertheless, it was soon exhibited that when a number of drugs is combined it will solve the resistance. Comment by Robert Grice: This is not a coherent sentence

Later on there was the outbreak of MDR-TB and XDR-TB commonly associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS. These cases were greatly associated with hospitalized HIV patients admitted in hospitals for care. This was a great blow to the treatment of TB, which took it back to its old ages. There has been a slow decline in the spread of tuberculosis over the years. The introduction of the DOTs strategy in the in the 1990s has been greatly attributed to its decline. Despite this, in 2012 it was estimated that there were 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide. The TB spread has been mainly attributed to poverty with the main victims being the poorest countries. This has been attributed to poor housing, food insecurity, financial difficulties and illiteracy. The other vulnerable groups apart from HIV infected patients are; homeless people, migrants/refugees and alcohol and other substance abusing individuals (WHO, 2013). Comment by Robert Grice: What was the source of these numbers?

Texas State has been in the forefront in fighting tuberculosis. The fight against TB by Texas State started in 1953 with the opening of The State Tuberculosis Hospital which served the Central and South Texas with a bed capacity of 408 beds. Additional beds were added and by 1959, the state TB Hospital had a total bed capacity of 958 making it one of the largest TB sanatoria in the US. The TB center was later closed in the 1960s due to improvement in treatment therapy and also many patients being managed as outpatient (Texas, Ddepartment of State Health S

services, 2012)

Source of table?

From the graph it is evident in Texas state there significant reduction in the TB prevalence since 1980 to date. One of the reasons that I think this is significant is: there are reduced chances of spread. This is because there is reduced contact with infected individuals which will in turn reduce the rate at which the disease will be spread. In addition, it means drug adherence among the infected is quite positive. This is importance since they reduce the chances of spreading the bacterium to their families and also the general public. This also shows that people live in properly ventilated houses, which facilitate proper circulation of air and out of the room hence reducing chances of infecting people living around them. Moreover, this shows the significant effort by the government to ensure that mortality and infection rates reach a zero level. Finally, it shows the effectiveness of the treatment regimen as well as the vaccination against the bacterium.

I think that numbers are low due to the many measures put in place to eradicate the disease. One, is vaccination against TB. Through the vaccination there is a reduced chance for one to get infected with the bacterium hence making it essential to ensure that every child born is vaccinated with BCG at an early age. In addition, literacy has empowered many people in the community. This has made them aware of the disease, they ways it is spread, some of the signs and symptoms hence most people are able to prevent themselves or better still seek early medical attention in cases were symptoms presenting themselves. Moreover, I think the awareness created by the government has been essential in ensuring that TB prevalence has been reduced.

Reference

Hawn, T. R.,; Day, T. A.,; Scriba, T. J.,; Hatherill, M.,; Hanekom, W. A.,; Evans, . T. TG.,; Churchyard,

G. J., ; Comment by Robert Grice: These names are confusing

kublin, JG; Bekker, Lg; Self, SG (December 2014). Tuberculosis vaccines and

prevention of Infection. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR. Comment by Robert Grice: Incomplete information

Prat, J. G; SMFM Souza (2003). “Prehistoric Tuberculosis in America: Adding cComments to Comment by Robert Grice: Confusing

lLiterature review”. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. Comment by Robert Grice: Incomplete information

Texas Centre for Infectious Disease. TB statistics (March 22, 2012). Comment by Robert Grice: Incomplete information

World Health organization (WHO) Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva 2013. Comment by Robert Grice: Incorrect format