2 PAGE writing

Fine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship

credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141-1147.

Nicol, A. A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A

practical guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys:

Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001,

from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

Style list for references. (n.d.). Retrieved January 1, 2001,

from http://www.apa.org

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements

in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements

in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to

optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and

education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White,

L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.

The fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) provides documentation advice for writers in the social sciences. Written primarily for authors preparing manuscripts for professional publication in scholarly journals, the manual discusses manuscript content and organization, writing style, and manuscript preparation. It also offers advice for student writers in an appendix.

The Publication Manual instructs writers to document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other information from sources as follows: "Document your study throughout the text by citing by author and date the works you used in your research. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article" (p. 207). When using APA style, consult the Publication Manual for general style requirements (e.g., style for metric units) and for advice on preparing manuscripts and electronic texts. This chapter follows the conventions of APA citation style. The Publication Manual gives guidelines for making in-text references to print sources. The following section shows how you can apply the same principles to citing online sources in your text.

Box 6.1 Using Italics and underlining in APA style

APA style recommends the use of italics, rather than underlining, for certain elements (e.g., book and journal titles). Use underlining only if your instructor requires it or if your word-processing program can't produce italics. However, the use of underlining to represent italics becomes a problem when you compose texts for online publication. On the World Wide Web, underlining in a document indicates that the underlined word or phrase is an active hypertext link. (All HTML editing programs automatically underline any text linked to another hypertext or Web site.)

When composing Web documents, avoid underlining. Instead, use italics for titles, for emphasis, and for words, letters, and numbers referred to as such. When you write with programs such as email that don’t allow italics, type an underscore mark _like this_ before and after text you would otherwise italicize or underline.

1.

Link an in-text citation of an Internet source to a corresponding entry in the References.

In APA style, each text reference is linked to a specific entry in the list of References. The essential elements of an in-text citation are the author's last name (or the document's title, if no author is identified) and the date of publication. Information such as a page or chapter number may be added to show where in a source cited material appears.

Create an in-text reference to an Internet source by using a signal phrase, a parenthetical citation, or both a previewing sentence and a parenthetical citation.

Using a signal phrase   To introduce a short quotation, paraphrase, or summary, mention the author's name either in an introductory signal phrase or in a parenthetical reference immediately following the signal phrase and containing the publication date. (See 4e for a discussion of signal phrases and verbs.)

Here is the References entry for this source:

Benton Foundation (1998). Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age [Electronic version]. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

Using a parenthetical citation after cited material   Place the author's name and the source's date of publication in parentheses immediately after the end of the cited material.

Families with no telephone service have difficulty accessing social services for which they are qualified (Benton Foundation, 1998, chap. 2, "Societal Priorities").

Using a previewing sentence and a parenthetical citation   To introduce and identify the source of a long quotation (one comprising 40 or more words), use a previewing sentence that names the author and ends in a colon. By briefly announcing the content of an extended quotation, a previewing sentence tells readers what to look for in the quotation. Indent the block quotation five spaces (or one paragraph indent). At the end of the quotation, after the final punctuation mark, indicate in parentheses any text division that indicates the quotation's location in the source document.

H. R. Varian (1997, June 11) suggested one way a professional organization might develop and publish an electronic journal:

First, the journal assembles a board of editors. The function of the board is not only to provide a list of luminaries to grace the front cover of the journal; they will actually have to do some work.

Authors submit (electronic) papers to the journal. These papers have 3 parts: a one-paragraph abstract, a 5-page summary, and a 20- to 30-page conventional paper. The abstract is a standard part of academic papers and needs no further discussion. The summary is modeled after the Papers and Proceedings Issue of the American Economic Review: it should describe what question the author addresses, what methods were used to answer the question, and what the author found. The summary should be aimed at as broad an audience as possible. This summary would then be linked to the supporting evidence: mathematical proofs, econometric analysis, data sets, simulations, etc. The supporting evidence could be quite technical, and would probably end up being similar to current published papers in structure. (section 7.2)

Here is the References entry:

Varian, H. R. (1997, June 11). The future of electronic journals. Paper presented at the 1997 Scholarly Communication and Technology Conference. Retrieved June 27, 2001 from http://arl.cni.org/scomm/scat/varian.html

2.

Substitute Internet text divisions for page numbers.

The Publication Manual (2001) requires that, in citing a print source, "[you] give the author, year, and page number in parentheses" (p. 120). Because Internet sources are rarely marked with page numbers, you will not always be able to show exactly where cited material comes from. If a source has numbered internal divisions (such as sections or paragraphs), use these instead of page numbers in your citation, making use of the ¶ symbol or the abbreviations chap. and para. Be sure to use divisions inherent in the document and not those provided by your browsing software.

J. McGann (1995) pointed out that even decentered hypertexts are nevertheless always ordered: "To say that a HyperText is not centrally organized does not mean--at least does not mean to me--that the HyperText structure has no governing order(s), even at a theoretical level" ("Coda: A Note on the Decentered Text").

Here is the References entry:

McGann, J. (1995). The rationale of HyperText. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanaties Web site http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/public/jjm2f/rationale.html

3.

Use source-reflective statements to show where cited material ends.

Many Internet sources appear as single screens. To let your readers know where your use of a single-screen Internet source with no text divisions ends, use a source-reflective statement.

Source-reflective statements give you an opportunity to assert your authorial voice. Writers use source-reflective statements to provide editorial comment, clarification, qualification, amplification, dissent, agreement, and so on. In the following example, the absence of a source-reflective statement creates uncertainty as to whether the writer has finished citing an Internet source or has merely moved from quoting directly to paraphrasing.

Sosteric (1996, Introduction) has noted that "exponential growth of the primary literature coupled with an explosive growth in the cost of distributing scholarly information has put serious strain on the financial resources of libraries and universities." This demand for and cost of distributing primary literature suggests that we can expect more electronic journals to appear online in the next few years—surely a benefit to scholarly communication.

In the next example, the writer has added a source-reflective statement to show that use of the source has ended.

Here is the References entry:

Sosteric, M. (1996). Electronic journals: The grand information future? Electronic Journal of Sociology, 4 (1). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.sociology.org/content/ vol004.001/sosteric.html

When using APA style, place a list of cited sources, arranged alphabetically, after the text of your essay but before any appendixes or explanatory notes. The Publication Manual (1994) gives the following general models for References entries:

The Publication Manual also presents numerous variations that accommodate a variety of print sources (e.g., translations, government documents). For detailed information on creating a References list, see Chapter 3 of the Publication Manual, "APA Editorial Style."

Extending the citation practice of the Publication Manual to include Internet sources produces the following model:

Online document

Author's name (last name, first and any middle initials). (Date of Internet publication). Document Title. Title of complete work [if applicable]. Retrieval statement.

Box 6.2 Using hypertext to document sources on the Web

The hypertext environment of the World Wide Web doesn’t just alter the way you do research, it also lets you document sources in a new way—by using hypertext links. Electronic journals published on the Web are already replacing traditional notes, References listings, appendixes, and other supporting text with links to the documents being cited. To read more about hypertext documentation, see Chapter 9 in the book. For an example of how it works, see the sample paper for this chapter (described in 6c), or look at articles published in the Electronic Journal of Sociology at < http://www.sociology.org >.

Internet sources differ in the kinds of information that are important for retrieval, and the model for each type of source reflects the information needed to retrieve that source. The following models enable you to document Internet sources in a manner consistent with the principles of APA style.

1.

World Wide Web site

The Publication Manual notes that "the vast majority of Internet sources cited in APA journals are those that are accessed via the Web" (p. 269). It instructs authors using and citing Web sources to observe the following guidelines:

· Where possible and relevant, provide URL references to specific documents rather than home or menu pages.

· Provide URLs that work.

If your paper will be available online as an updateable hypertext essay, make a point of testing the URLs in your references regularly. Consider replacing (with a reference to a later version) or simply dropping any sources whose original URLs no longer work.

To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document on the site), simply give the site's URL in the text:

Rainbow MOO is a virtual space designed especially for teachers and their elementary-school students (http://it.uwp.edu/rainbow).

To document a specific file, provide as much as possible of the following information:

· Author's name (if available)

· Date of publication or update or date of retrieval, in parentheses

· Title or description of document

· Title of complete work (if relevant), in italics or underlined

· Other relevant information (volume number, page numbers, etc.)

· Retrieval date statement

· URL

For more specific guidance, see the various sample situations in this section.

Book

An online book may be the electronic text of part or all of a printed book, or a book-length document available only on the Internet.

Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation Retrieved October 4, 1999, from http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm

Article in an electronic journal (ejournal)

Fine, M., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141-1147. Retrieved June 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/kurdek.html