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Annotated Bibliography: Restorative Justice

Ashleigh Myers

Stephen F. Austin State University

Dr. Hill

October 26, 2016

Restorative Justice

Introduction

There are levels of disparity which are synonymous with racial prejudice and inequality in the regions of North America which is commonly dominated by the natives. While some cultural differences might end up leading to different understandings of equality within the society which promotes systemic racism, others might, in turn, lead to complete discrimination and alienation among people of diverse communities. This paper provides information about restorative justice among the Native Americans, as well distinct sources in which relevant information regarding the issue in consideration might be sought. Alaskans, Navaho and Comanche people have been categorically considered.

Annotations

Nielsen, O. (2009). Criminal Justice in Native America. Journal of Restorative Practices. , 38(2), 234-345.

The mission of social work profession has been rooted in the United States since its beginnings in the 19th century. The importance of human relationships has been highly emphasized, and the need to enhance integrity and competence are fully considered. The journal presents a clear account of the fundamental aspects which interrupt peaceful living in the society and also compares the past with the present occurrences.

Sullivan, D. (2007). Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective. Journal of Criminal Justice; Vol. 31 Issue 1, P21-37, 17p

The practice of restorative justice offers the offenders and victims an alternative approach to dealing with crime in most regions. Long-term effects of victimization are felt in the American society today. Restorative justice according to the author has its roots to the indigenous rituals of New Zealand communities. Although principles of restorative justice serve as the foundation of most of the Native American legal systems, it is evident that the trend is currently reversed, and most people have begun to discover their restorative roots. The Journal compares different viewpoints with those of other scientists and researchers, to achieve credibility and validity in research.

Latessa, T. & Alexander, H. (2006). Validity of the Level of Service, Journal of Criminal Justice; Vol. 34 Issue 3, p331-337, 7p

In Native American culture, silence is considered to be sacred. Every individual should have ample opportunity to make clear reflections, and translations, as well as translating thoughts into words. Anglo-Americans are usually very uncomfortable with silence and hesitation. Similarly, people of Asian descent may find the Anglo-Americans too direct but considerably blunt, and frank. Openness and the freedom to belong in particular groupings are the desire of most Americans.

Native Americans, the Asian Americans and the Hispanic are considered to be low keyed and more indirect regarding their associations and social interactions with different groups of people. Potential pitfalls and misunderstandings are common, as factors such as cultural values and diversity affect the integration of most of the individuals in the united states. The article provides clear distinction between the different systems of socialization and integration among the American people. A lot has to be done about enhancing political positions and facilitating acceptance. Interlocking relationships determines how problems are handled, which should not be shunned in most societies.

Freng, Adrienne (2007). Native Americans in the News: A Media Portrayal in Crime Articles. American Indian Culture & Research Journal; Vol. 31 Issue 1, p21-37, 17p

The incarceration rate in the case of the Native Americans is considered to be 20% higher as compared to the national rate. Differential treatment is extended to particular groups of people, especially in the criminal justice system. Law enforcement agents according to the journal, arrest the Native Americans and the Alaskan natives at least twice the rate of the common dominants in the United States. The author consistently advocates for equality and more so, fairness in the justice system.

Timothy, D. (2008). Correcting Native American Sentencing Disparity Marquette Law Review; Vol. 91 Issue 3, p723-813, 91p

Through research, the author proves that the rate at which the Native Americans are victimized is twice that of the non-Indians. Other research items portray the similar range of results. The author reveals that whites perpetrate more than 50% of the violent crimes which are committed against the Native Americans. These crimes include sexual assaults and other forms of illegal behavior. This source is credible and relevant, as well as rich in educative content about restorative justice.

Conclusion

In most of the contemporary tribal communities, the dual justice system has been fully embraced. Basing consideration on the one American paradigm of justice, it is evident that the other is based on the original model. At the same time, the American model has its roots in the worldview and considers the Europeans. The essential aspect is the distributive philosophy, being adversely, and decision making which is only limited to a few. The sources clearly reveal the restorative principles which are implemented for the purpose of amending the process for broken personal and communal relationships. The Alaskans, the Navaho, and the Comanche should thus live in harmony, repairing their relationships and more so, restoring personal and communal harmony.

References

Nielsen, O. (2009). Criminal Justice in Native America. Journal of Restorative Practices. , 38(2), 234-345.

Sullivan, D. (2007). Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective. Journal of Criminal Justice; Vol. 31 Issue 1, P21-37, 17p

Latessa, T. & Alexander, H. (2006). Validity of the Level of Service with Native American offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice; Vol. 34 Issue 3, p331-337, 7p

Adrienne, F. (2007). American Indians in the News: A Media Portrayal in Crime Articles. American Indian Culture & Research Journal; Vol. 31 Issue 1, p21-37, 17p

Droske, Timothy (2008). Correcting Native American Sentencing Disparity Post-BOOKER Marquette Law Review; Vol. 91 Issue 3, p723-813, 91p