Philosophy

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I/S = Inductive and Strong

I/W = Inductive and Weak

D/V = Deductive and Valid

D/I = Deductive and Invalid

(1) ________ (6) ________ (11) ________ (16) ________ (21) ________

(2) ________ (7) ________ (12) ________ (17) ________ (22) ________

(3) ________ (8) ________ (13) ________ (18) ________ (23) ________

(4) ________ (9) ________ (14) ________ (19) ________ (24) ________

(5) ________ (10) _______ (15) ________ (20) ________ (25) ________

(1) Tobacco is a leafy plant that many people enjoy smoking. Moreover, tobacco is legal

to smoke. Marijuana is a leafy plant that many people enjoy smoking. Clearly, marijuana

ought to be legal.

(2) A large number of Bass were sampled from various lakes in Louisiana. Invariably, the

Bass contained levels of heavy metals that made them unsafe for human consumption.

Hence, Bass caught anywhere are unsafe for human consumption.

(3) A large number of fish were sampled from lakes and streams across the globe. In

waters that contained fish contaminated with heavy metals, the apex predators always had

the highest levels of contamination. Hence, fish that are apex predators are more likely to

have higher levels of contamination than other fishes in the same waters.

(4) I heard that Sue was adulterous. So, by definition, Sue must be 21.

(5) If you don’t vote, then you can’t complain. You didn’t vote. You can’t complain.

(6) Since Zebras are herbivores, they don’t need to eat meat to survive.

(7) Bears are omnivores. Therefore, Bears don’t eat plants.

(8) Bob built a cube in woodshop, 12”x12”x12”, and turned it into a storage container.

Tom made a storage cube too. The sides of Tom’s cube were twice as long as Bob’s,

24”x24”x24”. Hence, Tom’s cube has twice as much volume as Bob’s.

(9) Tom works 20 hours per week. Bob only works 10 hours per week. But Bob makes

three times as much as Tom per hour. Hence, Bob makes more weekly than Tom.

(10) Bob is west of Tom and Bob and Tom are ½ mile apart at the same latitude. If Bob

heads northeast and Tom heads northwest their paths will eventually cross.

(11) If Bob starts to drink, then he won’t stop until he is blitzed. If Bob won’t stop

(drinking) until he is blitzed, then Bob invariably barfs. Hence, if Bob starts to drink, then

Bob invariably barfs.

(12) Every chemical reaction that we have observed, of the thousands, has resulted in no

more (or less) mass being produced than the sum of the mass of the constituent parts.

Hence, it must be the case that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical

reaction; call this the Law of the Conservation of Mass.

(13) One can cause serious harm to him or herself by mishandling a vehicle. Rightly, one

must be licensed before being able to operate a vehicle. Firearms can cause serious harm

to oneself and/or others. Hence, one ought to be licensed before being able to operate a

firearm.

(14) The water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are relatively high this year. Increased

hurricane activity is associated with higher water temperatures. Therefore, Miami will

surely be hit with a hurricane this year.

(15) The water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are relatively high this year. Increased

hurricane activity is associated with higher water temperatures. Therefore, the Gulf Coast

will probably be hit by a hurricane some time this hurricane season.

(16) Frank is paying extra money towards the principle of his home loan each and every

month. If Frank continues to do so, then he will pay off his loan early, saving money in

the process.

(17) Frank has three wives and polygamy is illegal. So, Frank is a law-breaker.

(18) After expelling Johnny Rotten the Principal’s office windows were shot out that

night by a pellet gun. Johnny Rotten must have been the shooter.

(19) The mobile home burnt down to the frame very quickly, much faster than normally

seen. Moreover, the fire was much hotter than normal. Such signs are indicative of the

use of an accelerant. No accelerants were stored in or around the home. Hence, the

mobile home fire was probably a case of arson.

(20) The directions say that the brownies ought to cook at 350for 20 minutes. Susie left

them in the oven for 40 minutes at 550. The brownies will be dry and crunchy, not moist

and chewy. Drat.

(21) There are toys and bicycles strewn across the yard of that house. The family that

lives there must have children.

(22) If you care about the environment, then you won’t buy a Hummer. Frank bought a

Hummer. Frank must not care about the environment.

(23) Straight line L is parallel to straight line M. L is perpendicular to straight line N.

Hence, M is parallel to N.

(24) Suppose 22.99 grams of Na+ and 35.45grams of Cl- are combined. Given the Law of

the Conservation of Mass, 58.44 grams of NaCl will be produced.

(25) Shhh. The dog is barking. And the dog doesn’t bark at just anything –he doesn’t bark

at cats or familiar people. He only barks at strangers. Someone unfamiliar must be about.