16th Century India vs. 16thCentury Europe

xca2f1p

preble_ch20_lecture.ppt

Home >Architecture and Design homework help >16th Century India vs. 16thCentury Europe

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

North of the Sahara, art forms fall under either Egyptian, Roman, or Islamic traditions.
Here, we refer to sub-Saharan Africa.
Head from Nok culture, Nigeria
Some of the earliest art forms
Terra cotta and nearly life-size
Vivid facial expressions

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa.
[Fig. 20-1]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Head. Nok culture. Nigeria.
500 BCE–200 CE. Terra cotta. Height 14-1⁄2".
National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria. Photograph: Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 20-2]

Closer Look: Nok Head

Web Resource: Nok Terracottas

Head. Nok culture. Nigeria.
500 BCE–200 CE. Terra cotta. Height 14-1⁄2".
National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria. Photograph: Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 20-2]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

Ife, a Yoruba city in southwest Nigeria
Male portrait head
Skill in bronze casting
Thin-walled, hollow
Naturalistic
Neighboring Benin culture
Head
Somewhat more abstracted
Bronze-casting a guarded secret

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Male Portrait Head. 13th century.
Bronze. Height 11-7⁄16".
Ife, Nigeria. University of Glasgow Archive Services, Frank Willett collection.
[Fig. 20-3]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Benin Head. c.1550.
Metalwork-bronze, 9-1⁄4" × 8-5⁄8" × 9".
Nigeria. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection. Bequest of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1979. Acc.n.: 1979.206.86. Photograph: Schecter Lee. Image © The MoMA/Art Resource/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 20-4]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

Ivory pendant from Benin
Carved in 16th century
Portrays a queen mother
Human heads and mudfish
Bamana people of Mali
Carved wooden antelope figure headdresses
Dance performed to imitate mythology of male and female tyi wara

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pendant Mask. Court of Benin, Nigeria. Early 16th century.
Ivory, iron, copper. Height 9-3⁄8".
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, (1978.412.323). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 20-5]

Closer Look: Hip Pendant Representing an Iyoba ("Queen Mother")

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Tyi Wara Dancers. Mali.
Photograph: Dr. Pascal James Imperato. [Fig. 20-6]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

Cameroon
Style far removed from Ife and Benin
Separate areas of headdress defined by different patterns and textures
Yoruba peoples of Nigeria
House post
Meditation on the idea of support
Diminutive proportions and almond-shaped parts

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Large Dance Headdress. Bamenda area, Cameroon, Africa.
19th century. Wood. Height 26-1⁄2".
Museum Rietberg, Zurich. Edward von der Heydt Collection. Photograph: Wettsin & Kauf.
[Fig. 20-7]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Olembe Alaye. House Post. Yoruba, Nigeria.
Mid-20th century. Wood and paint. Height 83".
Fowler Museum at UCLA. Photograph by Don Cole. [Fig. 20-8]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

Yoruba peoples of Nigeria
House post
Seen in a 1959 photograph, Tomb of Former Chief Lisa
Adds to meaning of community’s support
Mangaaka power figure from Congo
Used to house medicinal matter
Metal pieces signifying agreement from civil cases, laws, etc.

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Tomb of Former Chief Lisa. Ondo, Nigeria.
Our featured House Post is third from left.
Photograph: W. Fagg, 1959. William B. Fagg Archive. Fowler Museum at UCLA.
[Fig. 20-9]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Mangaaka Power Figure. 19th century.
Yombe people, Republic of the Congo.
Wooden figure with iron nails. Height 345⁄8".
Photograph: Claudia Obrocki. Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-10]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Art Forms Us: Commemoration

Veneration
Statue of Shyaam the Great
King and founder of Kuba peoples
Introduced iron smelting
After Shyaam's death
Successor slept with statue to facilitate transmission of wisdom
Replica created if a royal portrait statue is damaged

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Royal Portrait Figure. Kuba peoples. 18th century.
Wood. Height 22".
Congo. The British Museum © The Trustees. [Fig. 20-11]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Art Forms Us: Commemoration

Veneration
The Death of Marat
A scientist, physician, and activist in the time of the French Revolution
Stabbed brutally while in his home by a member of a competing faction
David's interpretation
Serene death with minimized bloodshed and skin imperfections

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793.
Oil on canvas. 5' 5" × 4' 2-1⁄2".
Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels/The Bridgeman Art Library.
[Fig. 20-12]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Art Forms Us: Commemoration

Veneration
Warhol, Double Elvis
Publicity photo from film Flaming Star scaled close to life-size
Displayed with 27 other single, double, and triple Elvises
Multiplicity of copies undercutting the uniqueness of celebrity status
Reproducible, as on the silver screen

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963.
Silkscreen and acrylic on canvas. 83" × 53".
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) Gift of the Jerry and Emily Spiegel
Family Foundation in honor of Kirk Varnedoe. Acc. n.: 2480.2001. © 2013. Digital image MoMA, New York/Scala, Florence; the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc./Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 20-13]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Africa

Textile arts
Kente cloth pattern "Mmeeda"
Worn when something unprecedented happens
Famously worn by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana when he won the national election for president
Adire cloth
Nigerian proverbs and sayings about the hand

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Kente Cloth, Ghana.
"Mmeeda" ("Something that has not happened before"). 20th century.
Cloth (strip weave). 59-1⁄16".
Seattle Art Museum, Gift of Katherine White and the Boeing Company. Photograph: Paul Macapia. [Fig. 20-14]

Web Resource: Kente Cloths

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Adire Cloth. "Women' s Wrapper with Human Hands and Proverbs" (detail). 1984.
Dark and light blue cotton cloth, paste-resist and stencils, natural indigo dye. 76" × 62".
Yoruba, Lagos, Nigeria. Collection of Flora Edouwaye S. Kaplan, NY. Photograph: Sheldan Collins. [Fig. 20-15]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

Oceania
Name for thousands of Pacific islands that comprise Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
Shared traditional beliefs
Creation of world from Earth Mother and Sky Father
Mana
Spiritual power in people, places, things

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

Little pottery due to clay shortage
Tools of stone, bone, or shell
Materials of wood, bark, and small plants
Solomon Islands
Woodcarvings and masks for rituals
Prow figure with bird
Guides voyagers that looks out for shoals and reefs

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia.
[Fig. 20-16]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Protective Prow Figure from a War Canoe. 19th century.
Wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Height 6-1⁄2".
New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Werner Forman Archive/Museum fur Volkerkunde, Basle, Switzerland. Location: 03. [Fig. 20-17]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

New Ireland bird mask
Strong carved patterns
Chickens holding snakes symbolizing opposition of sky and earth
Carvings in Micronesia/Polynesia
Streamlined and highly finished
Female figure Nukuoro Atoll
Unusual degree of abstraction
Likely a set of traditional carving rules

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Mask. New Ireland. c.1920.
Painted wood, vegetable fiber, shell. 37-1⁄2" × 21-1⁄3".
Fowler Museum at UCLA. Photograph by Don Cole. [Fig. 20-18]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Female Figure. Nukuoro Atoll, Central Carolines.
19th century. Wood. Height 15-9⁄16".
Honolulu Museum of Art, by exchange, 1943 (4752). [Fig. 20-19]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

Easter Island, Polynesia
Moai stone figures
Represent ancestors who have taken on spiritual power
On platforms overlooking small settlements
Hawaiian aumakua
Elimination of extraneous body details
Powerful stance of female figure

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Moai. Easter Island. c.1000–1500.
Volcanic rock. Height 12'.
Photograph: Patrick Frank. [Fig. 20-20]

Web Resource: Secrets of Easter Island

Moai. Easter Island. c.1000–1500.
Volcanic rock. Height 12'.
Photograph: Patrick Frank. [Fig. 20-20]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Aumakua. Forbes Cave, Hawaii.
Koa wood. Height 29".
Photograph: Seth Joel, Bishop Museum. [Fig. 20-21]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

Maori meeting house
Used for extended family gatherings and ancestor-honoring rituals
Ruatepupuke
Named for the ancestor
Symbolizes presence via architecture
Face at the top of the gable
Ridge pole with abstracted Earth Mother, Sky Father

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Maori Meeting House called "Ruatepupuke," New Zealand; front view. 1881.
Length 56'. Height 13' 10".
The Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Diane Alexander White, Linda Dorman. Neg. #A112508c. [Fig. 20-22a]

Web Resource: Maori Meeting Houses

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Maori Meeting House called "Ruatepupuke," New Zealand; ridge pole. 1881.
Length 56'. Height 13' 10".
The Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Diane Alexander White, Linda Dorman. Neg. #A112508_c. [Fig. 20-22b]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Oceania and Australia

Australia
Humans present 40,000 years ago
Semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers
Bond between humans and nature in the Eternal Dreamtime
Consistent imagery for hundreds of years
Funerary Rites... bark painting
Story told in four sections
Spirit leaving the body after death

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Bunia. Funerary Rites and the Spirit' s Pathway After Death. Mid-20th century.
Natural colors on bark.
Groote Eylandt, Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. © The Art Gallery Collection/Alamy. [Fig. 20-23]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Native North America

Hopewell culture (modern Ohio)
2nd–6th century CE
Large burial mounds
Later Adena culture
Great Serpent Mound, c. 1070 CE
Many Native American artists today making traditional works
After period of disuse when reservations first established

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Americas.
[Fig. 20-24]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Great Serpent Mound. Ohio. Adena culture.
c.1070 CE. Uncoiled length 1,370'.
Photograph: Mark Burnett/Photo Researchers, Inc. [Fig. 20-25]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Native North America

Weaving
Second Phase Chief Blanket
Navajo pre-exile work
Dense fabric that is nearly waterproof
Austere, symmetrical pattern
Pottery
Jar from Ácoma, Pueblo peoples
Shaped without a wheel
Abstract symbols without fixed meaning

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Navajo. Second Phase Chief Blanket. c.1830–1850.
Handspun wool with natural dyes. 74" × 60".
Private Collection. Photograph: Tony Berlant. [Fig. 20-26]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Jar. Ácoma Pueblo. c.1850–1900.
Height 12-1⁄2".
Museum of Indian Arts & Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology Collections,
Museum of New Mexico. Photographer Blair Clark. 7912/12. [Fig. 20-27]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Native North America

Kachinas
Spirits of invisible life forces
Zuni Pueblo and Hopi areas
Likenesses used by costumed male members in ceremonies
Baskets
In Pacific Coast region
Weaved so tightly they can hold water
Art passed down maternally

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Marshall Lomakema. Hopi Kachina. 1971.
Shungopovi, Arizona. Painted wood. Height: 34".
Courtesy of National Museum of the American Indian/Smithsonian Institution (24/7572). Photograph: Carmelo Guadagno. [Fig. 20-28]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pomo Feather Basket. California. Before 1920.
Feathers, beads, and shells. 4" × 13" × 13".
Southwest Museum of the American Indian Collection, Autry National Center of American West, Los Angeles; 811.G.1683/CT.294. Photograph by Larry Reynolds. [Fig. 20-29]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Native North America

Plains Indians
Mato Tope (Four Bears)
Buffalo hide exploit painting
Moving figures in profile with no horizon line
Northwest Coast tribes
Totem poles dedicated to mythology
Tlingit Community House
Abstract animal shapes

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Mato Tope (Four Bears). Robe with Mato Tope' s Exploits. c.1835.
Buffalo hide, red wool cloth, sinew, dyed porcupine quills, horsehair and human hair; brown, yellow, and black pigment. 63" × 83-3⁄4".
Ethnographic Collection at the Bernisches Historisches Museum.
Photograph: S. Rebsamen. [Fig. 20-30]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Tlingit Community House. Ketchikan, Alaska.
Photograph: Steve McCutcheon. [Fig. 20-31]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Olmec culture near today's Mexico City
City of Teotihuacan
Pyramid of the Sun
Sits over a deep cave
Aligned to face sunset on August 12, the first day of Mayan calendar
Temple of the Feathered Serpent
Opposite the Pyramid of the Sun
Relief heads of the storm god

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pyramid of the Sun. 1st–7th century CE.
700' wide, 200' high.
Teotihuacan. © John Flannery/Photoshot. [Fig. 20-32]

Architectural Panorama: Teotihuacán

Video: Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán

Pyramid of the Sun. 1st–7th century CE.
700' wide, 200' high.
Teotihuacan. © John Flannery/Photoshot. [Fig. 20-32]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Temple of the Feathered Serpent (detail). 150–200 CE.
Teotihuacan. Photograph: The Art Archive/Dagli Orti. [Fig. 20-33]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Maya
Hundreds of stone temples at Tikal
Temple I
200-foot pyramid with temple at top
Walls and roofs richly carved and painted
Lintel 24 from Yaxchilan
Written symbols along edges
Fleshy figures performing ritual

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Temple I. Tikal, Guatemala. Maya. c.300–900 CE.
Photograph: Danny Lehman/Corbis. [Fig. 20-34]

Video: Maya Rise and Fall

Temple I. Tikal, Guatemala. Maya. c.300–900 CE.
Photograph: Danny Lehman/Corbis. [Fig. 20-34]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Closer Look: Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok, Lintel 24, Yaxchilan

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Toltec civilization
Bridge between Maya and Aztec peoples
Recumbent figure from Chichen Itza ("Chacmool")
Bowl held sacrificial offerings
Massive carved figure

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Chacmool. 10th–12th century.
Toltec. Stone. Length 42".
akg-images/François Guénet. [Fig. 20-36]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Aztecs
Artistic style sums up preceding styles
Human sacrifices at pyramid honoring both storm god and war god
Vessel of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl
For sacrificial offerings
Typical of Aztec art's menacing aspects

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Vessel of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl. 1450–1521.
Stone. Height 19".
Aztec. Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City. [Fig. 20-37]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Incas
Skillful shaping and fitting of stone
Royal retreat center of Machu Picchu (modern-day Peru)
Escaped Spanish detection
Seems to be part of the mountainside
Nazca peoples
Geometric lines and patterns in sand
Perfectly straight lines for miles

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Video: Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu

Web Resource: Machu Picchu Flashback

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Hummingbird.
Nazca Valley, Peru. Photograph: Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers, Inc. [Fig. 20-39]

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Pre-Conquest Central
and South America

Kero cups
One of few surviving Inca art forms
Carved and painted for ancient rituals
Flat patterns
Stylistic descendants of pottery and textile design

Prebles' Artforms, Eleventh Edition Patrick Frank

Kero Cup. Peru. Late 16th–17th century.
Wood with pigment inlay. 7-3⁄8" × 61-5⁄16".
Brooklyn Museum of Art, Museum Expedition 1941, Frank L. Babbott fund. 41.1275.5. [Fig. 20-40]