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Released 10/09/2007 Revised 8/01/2008

From the Center for Positive Organizational Scholarship

THEORY-TO-PRACTICE BRIEFING

What is Job Crafting and Why Does It Matter?= = By Justin M. Berg Research and Development Consultant Jane E. Dutton Robert L. Kahn Distinguished University Professor of Business Administration and Psychology Amy Wrzesniewski Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior - Yale School of Management

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ABSTRACT

Job crafting captures the active changes employees make to their own job designs in ways that can bring about numerous positive outcomes, including engagement, job satisfaction, resilience, and thriving. This briefing introduces the core ideas of job crafting theory for management students by defining it, describing why it is important, summarizing key research findings, and exploring what it means for employees, managers, and organizations.

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I take on as much event planning as I can, even though it wasn’t originally part of my job. I do it because I enjoy it, and I’m good at it. I have become the go-to person for event planning, and I like my job much more because of it.

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When I first came here, we started using the new higher-speed equipment. Then lots of new guys came in. So I started helping them learn the job. Now it’s just expected that I train the new guys. I did this in my previous job, so I have experience with it, and I like it because I’m able to help and work with guys from different backgrounds.

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Music is a very important part of my life . . . I often liken teaching to being a musician because when I’m in front of a classroom, I put on my performance face. It’s the same way with music. I remember when I was performing with my rock band and the high I got from playing in front of people was very similar to the high I get from performing teaching in front of students.

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PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

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cìåÇ~ãÉåí~ääóI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=~Äçìí=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìäåÉëëK=^=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=áãéäáÉë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ= í~ëâë=~åÇ=áåíÉêéÉêëçå~ä=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=íÜ~í=ã~âÉ=ìé=~=àçÄ=~êÉ=~=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë=íÜ~í=Å~å= ÄÉ=êÉçêÖ~åáòÉÇI=êÉëíêìÅíìêÉÇI=~åÇ=êÉÑê~ãÉÇ=íç=ÅçåëíêìÅí=~=ÅìëíçãáòÉÇ=àçÄK=qÜÉëÉ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë= ÉñéçëÉ=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=íç=~=î~êáÉíó=çÑ=êÉëçìêÅÉëÔéÉçéäÉI=íÉÅÜåçäçÖóI=ê~ï=ã~íÉêá~äëI=ÉíÅKÔíÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ= ìíáäáòÉÇ=ïÜÉå=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜÉ=ëìÅÅÉëë=çÑ=~=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉê=ã~ó=ÇÉéÉåÇ=ä~êÖÉäó=çå=Üáë=çê=ÜÉê=~Äáäáíó=íç= í~âÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉë=~í=Ü~åÇK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=ÅçåëáÇÉê=íÜÉ=~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ=êÉëí~ìê~åí=Åççâë= ïÜç=Åê~ÑíÉÇ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=íç=íêÉ~í=ÅççâáåÖ=~ë=~å=~êíK=qÜÉó=ìíáäáòÉÇ=ÑççÇ=Äó=ã~âáåÖ=áí=íÜÉáê=~êíáëíáÅ= ãÉÇáìãI=âáíÅÜÉå=~ééäá~åÅÉë=Äó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉã=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~êíïçêâI=~åÇ=ÅìëíçãÉêë=Äó=îáÉïáåÖ=íÜÉã=~ë= ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~êáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=~êíïçêâK=cáÖìêÉ=O=ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë=~å~äçÖó=íç=ÇÉéáÅí=~=ÜóéçíÜÉíáÅ~ä= Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=Üçï=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Åççâë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìääó=~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íáîÉäó=Åê~ÑíÉÇ=Üáë=àçÄK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=~ÄçîÉI=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìääó=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=äáâÉ=íÜÉëÉ=Åççâë=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=ÖÉí=ãçêÉ= ÉåàçóãÉåí=~åÇ=ãÉ~åáåÖ=çìí=çÑ=ïçêâI=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=íÜÉáê=ïçêâ=áÇÉåíáíáÉëI=ÅçéÉ=ïáíÜ=~ÇîÉêëáíóI=~åÇ= éÉêÑçêã=ÄÉííÉêK=

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Exposure to Resources: ! cççÇ= ! bèìáéãÉåí= ! `çJtçêâÉêë= ! `ìëíçãÉêë=

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Cook’s Job Design Before Crafting

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Cook’s Job Design After Crafting

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! _çíÜ=íÜÉ=Before=~åÇ=After=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=ÉñéçëÉ=íÜÉ=Åççâë=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉëI=Äìí=íÜÉ=After=ÇÉëáÖå=áë=Åê~ÑíÉÇ=íç=ÄÉííÉê=ìíáäáòÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉëK=

! qÜÉ=í~ëâë=~í=íÜÉ=Äçííçã=çÑ=íÜÉ=After=Çá~Öê~ã=~êÉ=éä~ÅÉÇ=íÜÉêÉ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉó=ëÉêîÉ=~ë=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=íÜ~í=ëìééçêíë=~åÇ=ëìëí~áåë= íÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=ÅêÉ~íáçå=çÑ=Åìäáå~êó=~êíK=iáâÉïáëÉI=íÜÉ=åÉï=í~ëâ=çÑ=ÚëÉÉâáåÖ=ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=Ñêçã=ÅìëíçãÉêëÛ=áë=çå=íçé=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=ÄäçÅâë= ÄÉåÉ~íÜ=áí=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÅçåíÉñí=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=Ñêçã=ÅìëíçãÉêë=áë=ãçêÉ=ãÉ~åáåÖÑìäK=

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For Managers páåÅÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=íç=éçëáíáîÉäó=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=~åÇ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI= ã~å~ÖÉêë=ã~ó=ï~åí=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÅçåíÉñí=íÜ~í=ÑçëíÉêë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜáë=ëí~êíë=ïáíÜ= ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=àçÄë=íÜ~í=äÉ~îÉ=êççã=Ñçê=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ëç=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=Å~å=í~áäçê=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=íç=Ñáí=íÜÉáê=ãçíáîÉëI= ëíêÉåÖíÜëI=~åÇ=é~ëëáçåëI=ïÜáäÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íáãÉ=ãÉÉíáåÖ=êÉäÉî~åí=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äëK=^=ÜáÖÜäó= êÉëíêáÅíáîÉ=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖå=ã~ó=äáãáí=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=Ñêçã=éçëáíáîÉäó=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=ï~ó=íÜÉó=éÉêÑçêã=í~ëâëI= í~âáåÖ=çå=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=í~ëâëI=~äíÉêáåÖ=íÜÉáê=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=çíÜÉêëI=çê=îáÉïáåÖ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=áå=~=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= ï~óK=`çÖåáíáîÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=áí=íê~åëéáêÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ãáåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíÉêI=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äÉëë=äáãáíÉÇ=Äó= éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=íÜ~å=ÄÉÜ~îáçê~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Ñçêãë=~êÉ=åçí= ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=~åÇ=çÑíÉå=çéÉê~íÉ=áå=ÅçåàìåÅíáçå=ïáíÜI=êÉáåÑçêÅÉI=~åÇ=ÖáîÉ=êáëÉ=íç=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉêI=~ë= áääìëíê~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åççâ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OK=^åçíÜÉê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~=åìêëÉ=ïÜç=ÖáîÉë=ãçêÉ= ~ííÉåíáçå=íç=éÉêëçå~ä=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=é~íáÉåíë=íç=ÑìäÑáää=ÜÉê=é~ëëáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉê~éó=Eí~ëâ=Åê~ÑíáåÖFI=íÜÉå= éÉêÅÉáîÉë=íÜÉëÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=~ë=ëáãáä~ê=íç=~Åíì~ääó=ÄÉáåÖ=~=íÜÉê~éáëí=EÅçÖåáíáîÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖFI=ïÜáÅÜ=~äíÉêë= íÜÉ=ï~ó=ëÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíë=ïáíÜ=ÜÉê=é~íáÉåíë=EêÉä~íáçå~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖFK=qÜáë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=ã~ó=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ= ÜÉê=àçÄ=ë~íáëÑ~Åíáçå=~åÇ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=Äìí=ïáíÜçìí=íÜÉ=ÑäÉñáÄáäáíó=íç=ÇÉîçíÉ=ãçêÉ=íáãÉ=íç=çåÉJçåJçåÉ= áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=é~íáÉåíëI=íÜáë=åìêëÉ=ïçìäÇ=ãáëë=çìí=çå=~=ÑêìáíÑìä=çééçêíìåáíó=íç=Åê~Ñí=ÜÉê=àçÄK=

gçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=åçí=~äï~óë=éçëáíáîÉK=fí=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=íç=Å~ìëÉ=Ü~êã=áÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=ÖçÉë=~Ö~áåëí= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äë=çê=éêçÇìÅÉë=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=ëáÇÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíëK=bîÉå=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêI=áí=ëíáää=ã~ó=ÄÉ=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=~=ã~êâÉíáåÖ= ÉãéäçóÉÉ=ã~ó=Åê~Ñí=ÜÉê=àçÄ=Äó=ëéÉåÇáåÖ=ãçêÉ=íáãÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéáåÖ=åÉï=Äê~åÇáåÖ=áÇÉ~ë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ëÜÉ= Éåàçóë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅêÉ~íáîÉI=ïÜáäÉ=ïÜ~í=ÜÉê=Åçãé~åó=êÉ~ääó=åÉÉÇë=áë=íç=ÑçÅìë=çå=íÜÉáê=ÅìêêÉåí=ëíê~íÉÖóK=lê= ~å=ÉãéäçóÉÉ=ÅçìäÇ=~ÅíáîÉäó=~îçáÇ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáåÖ=ïáíÜ=Üáë=ëìéÉêîáëçê=Äó=ëÉÉãáåÖ=íçç=Äìëó=ïÜÉåÉîÉê= ëÜÉ=áë=~êçìåÇ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ÜÉ=ÇáëäáâÉë=ÜÉê=íÉÇáçìë=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëíóäÉK=qÜáë=ã~ó=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=Üáë=àçÄ= ë~íáëÑ~Åíáçå=Äìí=Ü~êã=Üáë=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=áÑ=íÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=ÄÉÅçãÉë=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~äK=pç=áå= ~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=àçÄë=íÜ~í=~ääçï=Ñçê=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~åÇ=ëìëí~áå=~=ïçêâ=ÅçåíÉñí= íÜ~í=ÑçëíÉêë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜáë=ãÉ~åë=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=~=ëÜ~êÉÇ=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=íÜ~í=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë= ~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉÇ=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=áí=~äáÖåë=ïáíÜ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äëK=qç=ÜÉäé=Éëí~ÄäáëÜ=ëìÅÜ= ~=åçêãI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=Å~å=ãçÇÉä=éçëáíáîÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=äáâÉ=íÜÉ=~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ=éä~åí=ã~å~ÖÉê=ïÜç= Éñé~åÇÉÇ=ÜÉê=àçÄ=íç=áåÅäìÇÉ=íáãÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=ïáíÜ=ÜÉê=ÉãéäçóÉÉëK=eçïÉîÉêI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ= Å~å=áå=ëçãÉ=áåëí~åÅÉë=çÅÅìê=çìíëáÇÉ=çÑ=ã~åÖÉêëÛ=~ï~êÉåÉëëI=ïÜáÅÜ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=äáâÉäó=~åÇ=Åçëíäó= áÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåK=j~áåí~áåáåÖ=çéÉå=äáåÉë=çÑ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=ïáíÜ= ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~Äçìí=Üçï=íÜÉó=ïçìäÇ=äáâÉ=íç=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=~åÇ=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ã~å~ÖÉêë=~îçáÇ=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=~åÇ=éêçãçíÉ=Ñ~îçê~ÄäÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK==

páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìäåÉëë=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=ÇÉêáîÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêë=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=ê~íÜÉê= íÜ~å=ÖáîÉå=íç=íÜÉã=Äó=ëçãÉ=çìíëáÇÉ=ëçìêÅÉI=íêìëí=Å~å=éä~ó=~=ã~àçê=êçäÉ=áå=ÑçëíÉêáåÖ=çê=êÉëíêáÅíáåÖ=àçÄ= Åê~ÑíáåÖK=bãéäçóÉÉë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äÉëë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêë=áÑ=íÜÉó=Çç=åçí=ÑÉÉä=íêìëíÉÇ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ= ëí~íìë=èìçK=`çåîÉêëÉäóI=íêìëíáåÖ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~åÇ=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ìåäçÅâ= ~åÇ=ÉîÉå=ëíáãìä~íÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=~ë=íêìëí=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=ÑÉÉä=ãçêÉ=ÅçãÑçêí~ÄäÉ=í~âáåÖ= êáëâë=íÜ~í=ÅçìäÇ=éçíÉåíá~ääó=äÉ~Ç=íç=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=çìíÅçãÉëK

CONCLUSION ^=ÑÉï=î~äì~ÄäÉ=äÉëëçåë=Å~å=ÄÉ=Ö~áåÉÇ=Ñêçã=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=íÜÉçêóK=cáêëíI=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=àçÄë=áë=åçí=àìëí=~=íçéJ Ççïå=éêçÅÉëëÔÉãéäçóÉÉë=Å~å=~åÇ=Çç=ÉñÉêÅáëÉ=~ÖÉåÅó=íç=êÉÇÉëáÖå=íÜÉáê=çïå=àçÄëK=pç=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ= ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~å=áåÑäìÉåíá~ä=Ñ~Åíçê=áå=Üçï=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=ÅçåÇìÅí=~åÇ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=íÜÉáê=ïçêâK= pÉÅçåÇI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Å~å=éêçÇìÅÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=çê=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=çìíÅçãÉë=Ñçê=áåÇáîáÇì~äë=~åÇ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë= ~äáâÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=éêÉëÉåíë=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉ=çÑ=ÑçëíÉêáåÖ=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=ïÜáäÉ=~îçáÇáåÖ=

Åçëíäó=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=i~ëíäóI=íç=ÜÉäé=í~ÅâäÉ=íÜáë=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ëÜçìäÇ=êÉÅçÖåáòÉ=íÜ~í=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=àçÄ= Åê~ÑíÉêë=~êÉ=áå=ÉëëÉåÅÉ=ìíáäáòáåÖ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=~ë=êÉëçìêÅÉë=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=ÇÉëáê~ÄäÉ=çìíÅçãÉëX=ëç=ìåäçÅâáåÖ= ~åÇ=ÉåÅçìê~ÖáåÖ=íÜáë=âáåÇ=çÑ=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìäåÉëë=áë=íÜÉ=âÉó=íç=êÉ~éáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=çÑ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=

NOTES = NK= têòÉëåáÉïëâáI=^K=C=aìííçå=gKbK=EOMMNFK=`ê~ÑíáåÖ=~=àçÄW=oÉîáëáçåáåÖ=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~ë=~ÅíáîÉ=Åê~ÑíÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=ïçêâK= Academy of Management Review, 26I=NTVJOMNK=

qÜÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=êÉëí~ìê~åí=Åççâë=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=ï~ë=çêáÖáå~ääó=ÑêçãW=

cáåÉI=dK^K=ENVVSFK=gìëíáÑóáåÖ=ïçêâW=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=êÜÉíçêáÅë=~ë=êÉëçìêÅÉë=áå=êÉëí~ìê~åí=âáíÅÜÉåëK=Administrative Science Quarterly, 41I=VMJNNRK= cáåÉI=dK^K=ENVVSF=Kitchens: The culture of restaurant workK=_ÉêâÉäÉóW=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=`~äáÑçêåá~=mêÉëëK=

= OK= fäÖÉåI=aKoKI=C=eçääÉåÄÉÅâI=gKoK=ENVVOFK=qÜÉ=ëíêìÅíìêÉ=çÑ=ïçêâW=gçÄ=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=êçäÉëK=få=jK=aìååÉííÉ=~åÇ=iK=eçìÖÜ= EbÇëKFI=Handbook of Industrial/Organizational PsychologyK=m~äç=^äíçW=`çåëìäíáåÖ=mëóÅÜçäçÖáëíë=mêÉëëK= = PK= e~Åâã~åI=gK=oKI=C=läÇÜ~ãI=dKoK=ENVTSFK=jçíáî~íáçå=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=ïçêâW=qÉëí=çÑ=~=íÜÉçêóK=Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16,=ORMJOTVX=~åÇ=e~Åâã~åI=gK=oKI=C=läÇÜ~ãI=dK=oK=ENVUMFK=Work redesignK=oÉ~ÇáåÖI= j^W=^ÇÇáëçåJtÉëäÉóK= = QK= dÜáíìäÉëÅìI=_KbI=C=iÉ~å~I=`KoK=EOMMTFK=Designing work in context: Organizational and occupational influences on how professionals craft their jobs.=j~åìëÅêáéí=ëìÄãáííÉÇ=Ñçê=éìÄäáÅ~íáçåK=oçÅÜÉëíÉê=fåëíáíìíÉ=çÑ=qÉÅÜåçäçÖóK= = RK= _ä~ÅâI=pK=gKI=C=^ëÜÑçêÇI=pK=gK=ENVVRFK=cáííáåÖ=áå=çê=ã~âáåÖ=àçÄë=ÑáíW=c~Åíçêë=~ÑÑÉÅíáåÖ=ãçÇÉ=çÑ=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=Ñçê=åÉï= ÜáêÉëK=Human Relations, 48I=QONJQPTX==

= = `~ääÉêçI=mK=iK=ENVVQFK=cêçã=êçäÉ=éä~óáåÖ=íç=êçäÉJìëáåÖW=råÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=êçäÉ=~ë=êÉëçìêÅÉK=Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, OOUJOQPX=dê~ÉåI=dK=_K=ENVTSFK=oçäÉJã~âáåÖ=éêçÅÉëëÉë=ïáíÜáå=ÅçãéäÉñ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåëK=få=jK=aK=aìååÉííÉ=EbÇKFI= Handbook of Industrial/Organizational PsychologyI=NOMNJNOQRK=`ÜáÅ~ÖçW=o~åÇ=jÅk~ääóX=~åÇ==

= = s~å=j~~åÉåI=gK=C=pÅÜÉáåI=bK=eK=ENVTVFK=qçï~êÇ=~=íÜÉçêó=çÑ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ëçÅá~äáò~íáçåK=Research in Organizational Behavior, 1I=OMVJOSQK=

= SK= dê~åíI=^KjKI=^äÉñ~åÇÉêI=hKI=dêáÉëÄÉÅâI=^KI=g~ÑÑÉI=^KI=h~Ö~åI=hKI=h~ãáåI=jKI=hÉãÉêäáåÖI=`KI=içåÖI=pKI=k~ÖÉäI=dI= m~ìäÇáåÖI=qK=C=pï~óåÉI=gK=EOMMTFK=Crafting task significance in service work: Meaning-making through difference-making.= j~åìëÅêáéí=ëìÄãáííÉÇ=Ñçê=éìÄäáÅ~íáçåK=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=jáÅÜáÖ~åK=

= TK= dê~åíI=^KjK=EOMMTFK=oÉä~íáçå~ä=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ãçíáî~íáçå=íç=ã~âÉ=~=éêçëçÅá~ä=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉK=Academy of Management Review, 32I=PVPJQNTX=~åÇ==

= = dê~åíI=^KjKI=`~ãéÄÉääI=bKjKI=`ÜÉåI=dKI=`çííçåÉI=hKI=i~éÉÇáëI=aKI=C=iÉÉI=hK=EOMMTFK=fãé~Åí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~êí=çÑ= ãçíáî~íáçå=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉW=qÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~êáÉë=çå=éÉêëáëíÉåÅÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçêK=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103I=RPJSTK=

= UK= _ÉêÖI=gKjKI=dê~åíI=^KjKI=C=gçÜåëçåI=sK=EOMMUFK=Your callings are calling: Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callingsK=j~åìëÅêáéí=ëìÄãáííÉÇ=Ñçê=éìÄäáÅ~íáçåK=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=jáÅÜáÖ~å=~åÇ=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=kçêíÜ= `~êçäáå~=~í=`Ü~éÉä=eáääK=

= VK= _~êâÉê=`~ò~I=_K=EOMMTFK=Experiences of adversity at work: Toward an identity-based theory of resilienceK=råéìÄäáëÜÉÇ= ÇçÅíçê~ä=ÇáëëÉêí~íáçåK=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=jáÅÜáÖ~åK=

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